Mental retardation

Introduction Mental retardation refers to children who have a significant lag in developmental level in some or more aspects compared with children of the same age, usually lag behind their peers for 4 to 6 months. Childhood development in all aspects is slightly slow, such as talking late, although life language can still be mastered but difficult to master abstract vocabulary, poor understanding, synthesis and analysis skills, can do simple calculations but will not solve the application problem.

Cause

Causes:

1. Parents are married to close relatives, and the mother's pregnancy age is under 16 or over 40 years old.

2. The mother has high blood pressure, diabetes, and thyroid disease.

3. The mother has a history of viral infection in the early stages of pregnancy.

4, the mother has a habitual abortion, threatened abortion, pregnancy hypertension, excessive history of amniotic fluid.

5, the production process for premature delivery, emergency production, induction of labor, caesarean section children.

6, after birth, there are neonatal asphyxia, hypoxia, nuclear jaundice and other medical history.

an examination

Related inspection

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1. Collect medical history in detail

Comprehensively collect the child's maternal and perinatal conditions, personal growth and development history, maintenance history, past disease history, family culture and economic status to find out whether there are any adverse factors related to the physical and psychological development of the child.

2, comprehensive physical examination and related laboratory inspection

Including: examination of growth and development indicators (such as height, weight, head circumference, skin palm fingerprints, etc.), related endocrine and metabolic tests, EEG, EEG topography, head X-ray, CT and MRI, chromosome analysis And brittle site inspection.

3. Mental development assessment

(1) Intelligence test: It is one of the main reasons for diagnosing mental retardation. Intelligence tests should be used with caution by trained technical personnel. Collective or screening methods should not be used for diagnosis, but diagnostic tests should be used for individual tests. The commonly used scales in China include: Gesell Developmental Diagnostic Scale, Wechsler Preschool Intelligence Scale (WPPSI), and Wechsler School Age Children's Intelligence Scale Revision ( WISC-R), China Binet Test Scale, etc.

(2) Assessment of social adaptive behavior: The judgment of social adaptive behavior is another important basis for diagnosing mental retardation. At present, for children aged 4-12 years, the social adaptability scale (Yao Shuqiao et al.) can be used to assess the social adaptability of children. If it is not suitable for use, it can also be judged by the same age and people with the same cultural background to judge the independent living ability and the degree of fulfilling its social functions. Reference can also be made to the use of the Infant-Junior High School Students' Adaptive Behavior Scale (revised by Zuo Qihua et al.), the AAMD Adaptive Behavior Scale and the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scale compiled by the American Association for Mental Defects.

(3) Clinical development assessment: In the clinical work or unconditional intelligence test, the clinical development assessment method can be used, that is, according to the clinical manifestations of mental retardation and developmental characteristics of the children, the developmental level of the child can be estimated. evaluation of.

Differential diagnosis

Mental retardation needs to be identified as follows:

1. Mild mental retardation accounts for about 75% of the total number of people with intellectual retardation. Childhood development in all aspects is slightly slow, such as talking late, although life language can still be mastered but difficult to master abstract vocabulary, poor understanding, synthesis and analysis skills, can do simple calculations but will not solve the application problem, although it can be recited The article will not be used. This type of mental retardation has many people. After education, they can engage in simple work and should intervene early, which is the focus of disability prevention.

2. Moderate mental retardation accounts for 20% of the total. Childhood is slow in speech, big exercise, and self-care (stool control). Poor language skills, unclear words, poor vocabulary, poor expression skills, can not afford to establish concepts. The calculation of the addition and subtraction energy within 10 digits can be imitated but not solved. Trained to engage in extremely simple general labor.

3. Severe mental retardation In the early years, it is easy to find all aspects of development backwardness, language difficulties, ambiguous pronunciation, poor understanding, and clumsy movements. It won't be simple to calculate, but it can distinguish between closeness and express certain feelings. After training, you can develop some self-care ability, and you can engage in extremely simple physical labor.

4, very severe mental retardation accounted for 5%, such mentally handicapped children with a dull expression, emotional volatility, can not speak only bark, do not understand the surrounding things, due to lack of self-defense and defense capabilities, it is prone to accidental death. Need to be taken care of for life.

5, in general, infants and young children under the age of 3 if there are more than one of the following abnormal performance, it is highly suggestive of the possibility of mental retardation:

1. The crying is abnormal, that is, from stimulation to causing crying for a long time, sometimes it is necessary to repeatedly stimulate or continue to stimulate to cause crying, or crying sharply, or crying small and weak; some children do not like crying, it seems abnormal ".

2. The baby has poor sucking ability and chews late. When eating solid food, it is prone to swallowing and vomiting.

3. Too much sleep and not easy to wake up.

4. A full hundred days of babies can not afford or turn their heads difficult, with one or both eyes continuing inward or outward.

5. After a hundred days, I have a smile, and my expression is sluggish. I can't show a natural smile until 6 months.

6. After half a year, the movements of gazing at the hands and playing hands still persist.

7. Unresponsive to external stimuli, you can't look at the slowly moving objects above the face at 6 months. You can't turn your head in the direction of the sound. You can't turn over yourself. You can't sit still without adult help.

8. I still drool in 7~9 months, and there is a molar movement when I am awake.

9. When you are 9 months old, you can't take the initiative to get something. When you have an adult, you can't support your weight with your legs.

10. Exercise development such as prone, head, standing, walking, etc. are 3 months or more behind normal children; and it is unstable.

11. Language development is backward. When you are 10 months old, you can't learn words and the pronunciation is not clear.

12. Lack of interest in the surrounding people and environment, do not like to interact with people, lack of emotional attachment.

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