Stutter

Introduction Stuttering refers to the phenomenon in which the words are repeated or the words are interrupted. It is a habitual language defect. Known as stuttering, it involves a very complex language disorder in genetics, neurophysiological development, psychological stress and language behavior. It is a kind of phonological rhythm disorder. When speech is expressed, it is often accompanied by body twitching action and facial abnormality. Stuttering occurs mostly in children and generally gradually improves or disappears with age, and a few can last into adulthood.

Cause

The etiology and pathological mechanisms are not clear and may be related to the following reasons.

1. Genetic factors: The family incidence rate of stuttering patients can reach 36% to 55%, so some people think that it is related to genetic factors, which may be single gene inheritance. It has also been found that stuttering patients and relatives have more common left-handed hands, and that stuttering is related to the dominant side of the brain.

2. Physical factors: more children have been affected by harmful factors during perinatal period or infancy, such as fetal maternal pregnancy toxemia, hemorrhage or physical illness, or some infectious diseases during development to make nervous system function Weakening, speech function is affected and stuttering.

3. Mental factors: Children's stuttering often occurs after acute or prolonged trauma, and many doctrines suggest that mental factors may be an important cause of stuttering.

4. Other factors: Some preschool children suffer from stuttering due to imitation. The data were based on EEG, vocal muscle electromyography and clinical efficacy of haloperidol. It is concluded that stuttering may be related to the increased activity of the limbic system and reticular complex, the inconsistency of the vocal muscle function, and the biochemical dysfunction of the basal ganglia, but it is still to be further demonstrated in clinical practice.

an examination

Related inspection

Nasopharyngeal MRI examination Otolaryngology CT examination Tongue pharyngeal examination Oral X-ray examination

Must meet the following three items:

1 Frequent repetitions or extensions of speech or syllables often affect the fluency of speech.

2 No content disorder.

3 to exclude tic disorder and other neurological diseases.

Due to the tension of the pronunciation-breathing organs, the rhythm of the language is dysfunctional, which is more likely to occur when excited, fearful or emotional. It can be expressed as the first word can not be pronounced, the first word is repeated, the word is blocked in the middle of the discourse, or the meaning is repeated repeatedly. When the child speaks, it can be accompanied by lame, waving, squeezing, pouting, trembling, and shaking of the trunk. And easy to suffer from stuttering, resulting in loneliness, inferiority, shame and other personality, some children are often prone to excitement or irritability, accompanied by emotional instability and sleep disorders.

Differential diagnosis

(1) Congenital sinistromanual stuttering: Congenital sinistromanual stuttering: Congenital left, due to the compulsory education of the day after tomorrow, forced to be right, so the language has two different centers of congenital and acquired, so the language is not fluent, causing stuttering, It has been reported that this type of stuttering is the most common.

(2) Thinking over-speed stuttering: Because of the broad and rapid thinking, the mouth can not catch up, causing stuttering. Clinical is also more common.

(3) Mental stuttering: In the language stage, due to trauma, language expression is suppressed, resulting in aphasia. The child has a history of trauma, and can have speech, nervousness, loneliness, behavior retreat or irritability, and emotional instability.

(4) Dialectic stuttering: Children change their dialects during their learning, or they can learn more than two different dialects, which can lead to stuttering.

(5) Familial stuttering: The patient has a family history, and even many people in the same family suffer from it. Some people think that it is related to genetic factors, and some people think that it is induced by external factors on the basis of genetics. The main external cause is the poor environment for learning the language, such as the stuttering of the parents, or the parents' speaking fast, ambiguous, and the children are not easy to imitate.

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