Vitamin K

Vitamin K (VitK), also known as anti-hemorrhagic vitamin, is a general term for α, methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone derivatives with biological activity of chlorophyll, including VitK1 (leaf green) and VitK2 (A). Naphthoquinones). The chemical form of VitK1 is 2-methyl-3-phytyl 1,4-naphthoquinone, also known as 2-methyl-3-chloro-l-1,4-naphthoquinone; and VitK2 (abbreviated as MK-n) ) is a series of compounds, collectively known as menaquinones, which have an unsaturated polyisopentenyl group in their side chains. There are many forms depending on the length of the side chain. The most common ones are 6 to 10 in the side chain. Isoprenyl methylnaphthoquinone (from MK-6 to MK-10). In addition, VitK3 (2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone) synthesized in vitro is not active per se, and can be alkylated into MK4 in the liver of the body and is biologically active. VitK is a derivative of naphthoquinone, which is heat-resistant, acid-resistant, fat-soluble vitamin, insoluble in water, but easily destroyed by sunlight and alkali. VitK1 is a bright yellow oil. VitK2 is a bright yellow crystal. It is soluble in methanol, acetone, benzene, petroleum ether, chloroform, etc. VitK3 is yellow crystal, soluble in carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, vegetable oil, acetone, benzene and ethanol. Derivatives of VitK such as VitK3 phosphate, succinate or bisulfite are water soluble, while methyl oxime acetate is not sensitive to light. Basic Information Specialist classification: growth and development check classification: biochemical examination Applicable gender: whether men and women apply fasting: not fasting Analysis results: Below normal: The clinical manifestations of VitK deficiency are secondary hemorrhage, such as wound hemorrhage, large subcutaneous hemorrhage and central nervous system hemorrhage. VitK deficiency can be seen in malabsorption syndrome and other gastrointestinal diseases such as cystic fibrosis, stomatitis diarrhea, ulcerative colitis, segmental enteritis, short bowel syndrome, biliary obstruction, pancreatic insufficiency, etc. Both need to be routinely supplemented with VitK preparations. Normal value: Vitamin K: 1.1-4.4nmol/L Above normal: Taking more than the pharmacological dose of VitK2 can cause hemolytic anemia, hyperbilirubinemia and hepatotoxicity in newborns, and can induce heart disease and lung disease in adults. negative: Positive: Tips: When you take blood, you should relax and check with your doctor. Normal value The range value is 1.1 to 4.4 nmol/L (0.5 to 2.0 ng/ml). Clinical significance Abnormal result 1. The demand for VitK in healthy people is low and the dietary content is relatively high. The deficiency of primary VitK is not common. The clinical manifestations of VitK deficiency are secondary bleeding, such as wound bleeding, large subcutaneous Bleeding and central nervous system bleeding. 2, placental transport VitK amount is small, the newborn's low initial storage in the body and the sterility of the intestinal tract in the body hinder the use of VitK, low VitK content in breast milk, newborn breast milk and infant immature liver can not be synthesized Low-prothrombinogen is common in newborns and small babies due to normal numbers of clotting factors. 3, the most common adult known VitK deficiency bleeding occurs in patients with low VitK diet and taking antibiotics, VitK deficiency can be found in malabsorption syndrome and other gastrointestinal diseases such as cystic fibrosis, stomatitis Sexual diarrhea, ulcerative colitis, segmental enteritis, short bowel syndrome, biliary obstruction, pancreatic insufficiency, etc., all of which require regular supplementation with VitK preparation. 4. Even if a large amount of food rich in natural VitK1 is eaten, no toxic reaction is found, but taking more than the pharmacological dose of VitK2 can cause neonatal hemolytic anemia, hyperbilirubinemia and hepatotoxicity, which can be induced in adults. Heart disease and lung disease. Low results may be diseases: neonatal thrombocytopenic purpura, acquired vitamin K-dependent coagulation factor abnormalities, hemophilia B, neonatal hemorrhagic disease, late-onset vitamin K deficiency in children, pediatric bleeding disorders, cardiogenic Liver cirrhosis, hepatic artery occlusion, neonatal cyanosis, cholelithiasis precautions Taboo before the examination: It is necessary to cooperate with the doctor to write the correct name, neat and tidy, to avoid confusion caused by the same name or similar names. With these in mind, blood draws are more convenient and faster, and you can better save yourself time for diagnosis. Requirements for inspection: Do not wear clothes that are too small or too tight in cuffs to avoid the sleeves being too tight when blood is drawn or the sleeves are too tight after blood drawing, causing blood vessels in the arms. Different laboratory items should be asked by the doctor and treated differently. Inspection process Detection principle: The serum protein was first precipitated with ethanol and extracted with hexane. The extract was further purified by normal phase HPLC, and then quantitatively analyzed by reverse phase HPLC. The VitK was reduced to naphthylhydroquinone by electrochemical method, and the emission wavelength was 430 nm and 340 nm. The fluorescence of naphthylhydroquinone was measured for the excitation wavelength. ELISA procedure: Coated with purified human, pig or bovine crystal insulin, the test serum is diluted 1:10, and the optimal concentration of HRP-labeled anti-human IgC antibody or labeled anti-human IgA F(ab') is added. The color was developed and the positive result was tested for the highest dilution of serum AIAb. Not suitable for the crowd There is no need to detect normal vitamin K deficiency or excess. Adverse reactions and risks 1, congestion: due to the lack of vitamin K patients with coagulopathy, clotting time is longer, so there will be subcutaneous bruises after blood collection, should increase the compression time to prevent blood clotting. 2. Bleeding: Press the blood collection site in time after blood draw to prevent bleeding.

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