Cleft palate

Introduction Cleft palate is more common and can occur separately or with cleft lip. Cleft palate not only has soft tissue malformations, but most patients with cleft palate can also be associated with varying degrees of bone defect and deformity. They are far more severe than cleft lip in terms of physical dysfunction such as sucking, eating and language. Due to the growth and development of the jaw bone, it often leads to the collapse of the middle part of the face. In severe cases, it is a dish-shaped face, and the bite is disordered (often anti-jaw or open jaw). Therefore, a variety of physiological dysfunction caused by cleft palate deformity, especially language dysfunction and tooth disorder, have adverse effects on patients' daily life, study and work, and are also likely to cause psychological barriers for patients.

Cause

The cause of cleft palate is not fully understood, but it is thought to be related to nutrient deficiencies, endocrine abnormalities, viral infections and genetic factors in food during pregnancy. As a congenital developmental defect, cleft palate varies with age, including physiological developmental defects in the deformity itself, secondary changes in maxillofacial shape caused by surgical trauma, and dysfunctions such as language and hearing. And the psychological barriers that patients form in social interactions.

an examination

Related inspection

Temporomandibular joint angiography

Usually splitting can be divided into four types:

1 soft cleft palate, no cleft lip;

2 soft and hard cleft palate, often complicated by unilateral incomplete cleft lip;

3 unilateral complete cleft palate, from the uvula sag, to the incisor, obliquely to the outside, to the lateral incisors are all split, the alveolar processes on both sides are separated by the mucosa, often with a unilateral complete cleft lip;

4 bilateral complete cleft palate, often coexisting with bilateral complete cleft lip. The fissure ruptured to the sides at the lateral incisors, and the lower end of the nasal septum was free.

In clinical practice, the three types of cleft palate are the most common, and the four species are the least common.

According to the degree and location of the bone, mucous membrane and muscle layer of the hard palate and soft palate, the following clinical classification methods are used:

(a) soft cleft palate

Only the soft palate is split, sometimes only limited to the palate. Regardless of the left and right, generally without cleft lip, clinically more common in women.

(2) Incomplete cleft palate

Also known as partial chapped. The soft palate is completely ruptured with a partial hard cleft palate; sometimes accompanied by a unilateral incomplete cleft lip, but the alveolar process is often intact. This type also has no left and right points.

(c) unilateral complete cleft palate

The fissure from the sag to the incisor is completely ruptured, and obliquely outward to the alveolar process, connected to the alveolar cleft; the contralateral fissure edge is connected to the nasal septum; the alveolar cleft sometimes the fissure disappears only the crack, and sometimes the fissure is wide Often accompanied by ipsilateral cleft lip.

(4) bilateral complete cleft palate

Often occurs simultaneously with bilateral cleft lip, the fissure is in the anterior jaw, each side is obliquely split, reaching the alveolar process; the nasal septum, anterior maxillary and anterior lip are isolated from the center. In addition to the above types, a few atypical cases can be seen: such as one side complete, one side incomplete; sag loss; submucosal fissure (hidden crack); hard palate partial rupture.

In addition, some units in China also have a commonly used splitting classification method, which is divided into I degree, II degree, and III degree. Cleft palate is caused by the absence of cracks between the oral cavity and the nasal cavity. When vacuuming, the necessary negative pressure can not be formed in the oral cavity, resulting in difficulty in sucking milk, often leading to malnutrition, prone to otitis media and respiratory infections, and severe cleft palate in newborns or Infants often have sputum and swallowing dysfunction, causing dystrophies and coughing during sip, and aspiration pneumonia. In severe cases, it can cause dysphonia, and children often have obvious open nasal sounds or unclear vocabulary.

Differential diagnosis

Usually splitting can be divided into four types:

1 soft cleft palate, no cleft lip;

2 soft and hard cleft palate, often complicated by unilateral incomplete cleft lip;

3 unilateral complete cleft palate, from the uvula sag, to the incisor, obliquely to the outside, to the lateral incisors are all split, the alveolar processes on both sides are separated by the mucosa, often with a unilateral complete cleft lip;

4 bilateral complete cleft palate, often coexisting with bilateral complete cleft lip. The fissure ruptured to the sides at the lateral incisors, and the lower end of the nasal septum was free.

In clinical practice, the three types of cleft palate are the most common, and the four species are the least common.

According to the degree and location of the bone, mucous membrane and muscle layer of the hard palate and soft palate, the following clinical classification methods are used:

(a) soft cleft palate

Only the soft palate is split, sometimes only limited to the palate. Regardless of the left and right, generally without cleft lip, clinically more common in women.

(2) Incomplete cleft palate

Also known as partial chapped. The soft palate is completely ruptured with a partial hard cleft palate; sometimes accompanied by a unilateral incomplete cleft lip, but the alveolar process is often intact. This type also has no left and right points.

(c) unilateral complete cleft palate

The fissure from the sag to the incisor is completely ruptured, and obliquely outward to the alveolar process, connected to the alveolar cleft; the contralateral fissure edge is connected to the nasal septum; the alveolar cleft sometimes the fissure disappears only the crack, and sometimes the fissure is wide Often accompanied by ipsilateral cleft lip.

(4) bilateral complete cleft palate

Often occurs simultaneously with bilateral cleft lip, the fissure is in the anterior jaw, each side is obliquely split, reaching the alveolar process; the nasal septum, anterior maxillary and anterior lip are isolated from the center.

In addition to the above types, a few atypical cases can be seen: such as one side complete, one side incomplete; sag loss; submucosal fissure (hidden crack); hard palate partial rupture.

In addition, some units in China also have a commonly used splitting classification method, which is divided into I degree, II degree, and III degree.

Cleft palate is caused by the absence of cracks between the oral cavity and the nasal cavity. When vacuuming, the necessary negative pressure can not be formed in the oral cavity, resulting in difficulty in sucking milk, often leading to malnutrition, prone to otitis media and respiratory infections, and severe cleft palate in newborns or Infants often have sputum and swallowing dysfunction, causing dystrophies and coughing during sip, and aspiration pneumonia. In severe cases, it can cause dysphonia, and children often have obvious open nasal sounds or unclear vocabulary.

The material in this site is intended to be of general informational use and is not intended to constitute medical advice, probable diagnosis, or recommended treatments.