Refractory pain

Pain is one of the most common clinical symptoms, and it can be caused by various diseases. Functional neurosurgery-related pain refers to those whose causes are unknown or cannot be removed. As the main symptom of the disease, pain cannot be controlled by other methods for a long time, which leads to a series of serious personal, social, and economic problems. Surgical procedures need to be considered. Methods to relieve intractable pain, such as central pain, cancer pain, and vascular disease pain.

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