Localization signs

Introduction Refers to the symptoms and signs of the corresponding parts of the body that can be caused by a certain nerve abnormality. Due to the different anatomical structures and physiological functions of various parts of the nervous system, different neurological dysfunction occurs when the injury occurs, showing different clinical symptoms and signs. The localization diagnosis is based on these symptoms and signs, combined with neuroanatomy, physiology and pathology. Inferred a diagnostic process for the site of the lesion.

Cause

Common causes are: infection, trauma, vascular disease, poisoning, metabolic disorders, tumors, degenerative diseases, congenital diseases and parasitic diseases.

an examination

Related inspection

Brain CT examination of brain MRI

Principles for the diagnosis of nervous system diseases:

1, medical history + signs.

2, anatomical diagnosis the evolution of the main symptoms and signs.

3, the cause of diagnosis history + signs + auxiliary examination.

Neural system location diagnosis:

1, image diagnosis.

2. Pathological diagnosis.

3. Molecular biological diagnosis.

4, the general structure:

Muscle disease, peripheral neuropathy, spinal cord disease, brain stem lesions, cerebellar lesions, brain lesions, cerebrospinal lesions.

Differential diagnosis

First, the mechanism

From the motor neurons of the brain to the muscles, any pathological lesion can lead to muscle weakness or paralysis.

Second, the relationship between the site and the lesion

(1) Electrolyte disturbance

1, low potassium: limb muscle weakness (respiratory muscle and medullary muscle, sputum reflex exists, potassium supplementation effective. Episodes (hours to days).

2, high potassium: familial, paroxysmal (continued 1-2 hours, frequent), muscle weakness often involves a certain muscle group, may have medullary and respiratory muscle involvement, muscle weakness and sputum positioning, accompanied by pain or muscle Tonic, fasting, exercise or potassium-induced (potassium sensitivity), blood potassium is normal or elevated at the time of onset.

3, paramuscular tonic (paramyotonia) inducement: cold, spontaneous

Features: cold-induced, abnormal rigidity (increased after activity), autosomal dominant inheritance, often accompanied by hyperkalemia or normal potassium.

(two) muscle disease

1. Hereditary:

Location: limb muscles, facial muscles, occasionally the pharyngeal muscles and distal limbs. Features: muscle weakness, muscle atrophy or hypertrophy, correspondingly reduced reflexes, often no pain (different lipid metabolism, often painful or Tendon).

Onset: more in the early years of onset, onset of insidious, progressive.

2, inflammatory myopathy: limb muscles mainly, can have severe neck muscles, throat muscle weakness and rise, head dysphagia, etc., does not affect the extraocular muscles.

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