Olfactory disorder

Introduction The olfactory disorder is also called the olfactory failure. There are two types of olfactory disorders: temporary and permanent. Temporary dysosmia, mostly caused by acute rhinitis, functional disorders (such as rickets), permanent olfactory disorders, mostly nasal obstruction (such as nasal polyps), nasal mucosal damage (such as atrophic rhinitis), olfactory neuropathy ( Factors such as hypoplasia, neuritis, and cerebral palsy (such as embolism, frontal lobe tumors, etc.) can cause olfactory loss. The loss of smell is mainly manifested by the odor, but the consequences are serious. Due to the lack of food scent, the scent stimulation can not lead to appetite, and the food is not sweet. Eating is like eating a task, and it can cause malnutrition in the long run.

Cause

Causes of olfactory disorders

1 nasal diseases, such as swollen nose, nasal polyps, rhinitis caused by nasal obstruction, so that the air with olfactory particles can not reach the olfactory mucosa, no odor stimulation. Atrophic rhinitis with mucosal atrophy loses its sense of smell.

2 viral infections, especially influenza, can cause loss of smell.

3 trauma, head injury, damage to the olfactory wire caused by the sieve plate, and even the olfactory bundle is damaged, about 3%-5% of the incidence of dysosmia, such as the brain contusion can reach 15%-20%. It has been pointed out that the loss of consciousness after head trauma is more than 24 hours, the probability of olfactory recovery is less than 10%, and if less than 24 hours, 50% of patients can recover their sense of smell.

4 nasal mucosa has long been stimulated by chemical gases, including environmental industrial pollution, drugs (tetracycline, streptomycin, neomycin, anesthetics, etc.), tobacco and so on. Some 638 smokers were surveyed and found that smokers' olfactory function was affected. The degree of influence was related to the amount of smoking. The chances of snoring of smokers were doubled compared with normal people. The degree of olfactory recovery in people with a history of smoking is related to the length of time to quit, and smoking is thought to cause long-term but recoverable olfactory damage.

5 neurological diseases or congenital anomalies, Parkinson's patients have a significant increase in the olfactory value and is related to the rate of disease progression, some people believe that may be related to abnormal dopamine metabolism in the olfactory pathway. For example, if the sieving stalk is expanded, the sacral bulb can be compressed.

6 tumor or endocrine disease, the former is frontal lobe tumor, the latter such as hypothyroidism, adrenal proliferation.

7 aging of the cerebral cortex olfactory area, autopsy found that the earliest signs of brain aging occurred in the olfactory area, according to statistics, people aged 65-80 have a quarter of olfactory loss, and 1/2 of the elderly over 80 years old can not smell. 8 idiopathic olfactory disorders, accounting for about 19% of people with dysosmia, more common in middle-aged people, the cause is unknown, can suddenly occur. It is reported that 10% of them have hidden cancers such as lung, stomach and intestinal cancer.

an examination

Related inspection

Olfactory nerve examination

Examination and diagnosis of olfactory disorders

The loss of smell is mainly manifested by the odor, but the consequences are serious. Due to the lack of food scent, the scent stimulation can not lead to appetite, and the food is not sweet. Eating is like eating a task, and it can cause malnutrition in the long run. Since the abnormal smell can not be distinguished, poisoning can be caused by eating poisonous food or aspirating toxic odor. The most common gas poisoning. Long-term in an "odorless" environment, not interested in the surrounding things, the reaction is dull, and can cause mental depression or depression over time. Ms. Chen was burning her cockroaches three times because of her loss of smell. Fortunately, the neighbors discovered that it was not a disaster.

(1) olfactory sensation: olfactory damage often manifests as a decrease in sensitivity to olfactory stimuli.

(2) Loss of smell: The severe olfactory damage of the day after tomorrow is manifested by the loss of response to olfactory stimuli.

(3) Olfactory loss: Congenital loss of olfactory manifests as no response to olfactory stimuli.

(4) Olfactory inversion: manifested as a dislocation response to olfactory odor stimulation, but not accompanied by olfactory acute injury.

(5) Fantasy: Doesn't there be an objective smell of stimuli that irritates the patient but smells an unpleasant smell that is often unpleasant?

(6) Olfactory sensation: increased sensitivity to olfactory odor irritation.

In general, the olfactory disorder often does not attract people's attention, especially the unilateral olfactory loss, but it is clinically unilateral olfactory loss, which has important positioning significance in early diagnosis.

Differential diagnosis

Olfactory disorders need to be distinguished from the following symptoms

Olfactory sensation: Increased sensitivity to olfactory stimuli. It is a clinical manifestation of olfactory disorders. Olfactory disorder refers to the partial, or all, olfactory function decline, loss or abnormality. The olfactory nerve is the nerve fiber of the olfactory epithelium that passes through the sieve plate to the olfactory bulb. The olfactory ability is the characteristic of the olfactory cells in the nasal mucosa. The damage of the nasal mucosa, olfactory bulb, olfactory silk or central nervous system connection may affect the sense of smell. The clinical manifestations are decreased olfactory sensation, olfactory loss, olfactory loss, olfactory inversion, phantom olfactory and olfactory stimuli.

Insufficient smell: mistakenly think of a distinct odor as another odor, such as stinking odor as a scent, or odorless odor, called olfactory inversion.

Olfactory loss: Loss of olfactory olfactory loss can be seen in male patients with hypogonadism or underdevelopment (Kallmann syndrome). Most patients with olfactory loss have a normal taste of salty, sweet, sour and bitter substances, but lack of taste. To discern the feeling, because the latter relies heavily on the sense of smell, they often complain of loss of taste. If unilateral olfactory loss is often not recognized.

The loss of smell is mainly manifested by the odor, but the consequences are serious. Due to the lack of food scent, the scent stimulation can not lead to appetite, and the food is not sweet. Eating is like eating a task, and it can cause malnutrition in the long run. Since the abnormal smell can not be distinguished, poisoning can be caused by eating poisonous food or aspirating toxic odor. The most common gas poisoning. Long-term in an "odorless" environment, not interested in the surrounding things, the reaction is dull, and can cause mental depression or depression over time.

(1) olfactory sensation: olfactory damage often manifests as a decrease in sensitivity to olfactory stimuli.

(2) Loss of smell: The severe olfactory damage of the day after tomorrow is manifested by the loss of response to olfactory stimuli.

(3) Olfactory loss: Congenital olfactory loss is manifested as no response to olfactory scent stimulation.

(4) Olfactory inversion: manifested as a dislocation response to olfactory odor stimulation, but not accompanied by olfactory acute injury.

(5) Fantasy: There is no objective olfactory odor to stimulate the patient but smells an unpleasant odor that is often unpleasant.

(6) Olfactory sensation: increased sensitivity to olfactory odor irritation.

In general, olfactory disorders often do not attract people's attention, especially unilateral olfactory loss, but clinical unilateral olfactory loss has important positioning significance in early diagnosis.

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