Respiratory Diseases

Introduction to respiratory diseases Respiratory diseases are a common and frequently-occurring disease. The main lesions are in the trachea, bronchus, lungs and chest. The lesions are more common than those with cough, chest pain and respiration. In severe cases, they have difficulty breathing, lack of oxygen, and even death from respiratory failure. Mortality in the city ranks third, while in rural areas it ranks first. More important attention is due to air pollution, smoking, population aging and other factors, making chronic obstructive pulmonary disease at home and abroad (referred to as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, including chronic bronchitis, emphysema, pulmonary heart disease), bronchial asthma, lung cancer, The incidence and mortality of diffuse interstitial fibrosis and lung infections in the lungs are increasing. Regarding the prevention and treatment of respiratory diseases, the most important thing is to quit smoking. The incidence of chronic bronchitis is many times higher than that of non-smokers. After quit smoking, the lung function of patients is greatly improved, and passive smoking is also avoided. basic knowledge Proportion of disease: according to the specific disease, the proportion of illness is different Susceptible people: no specific people Mode of transmission: partial respiratory transmission Complications: wheezing bronchitis

Causes of respiratory diseases

Ageing social population:

Respiratory diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and lung cancer increase with age, and their prevalence increases. Because of the low immunity of the elderly and the possibility of causing aspiration pneumonia, even if various new antibiotics are introduced, the lungs Infection is still the leading cause of infection in the elderly, often a direct cause of death.

Air pollution and the dangers of smoking:

The increase in respiratory diseases is closely related to air pollution and smoking. It has been proved that when the smoke or sulfur dioxide in the air exceeds 1000ug/m3, the acute attack of chronic bronchitis is significantly increased; other dusts such as carbon dioxide, coal dust and cotton dust can stimulate the bronchial mucosa, reduce lung clearance and natural defense functions, and be microbial invasion. Create conditions. The incidence of lung cancer in industrialized countries is higher than that in industrially backward countries, indicating that it is related to the pollution of carcinogens in industrial waste gas. Smoking is a major source of pollution in small environments, smoking is associated with chronic bronchitis and lung cancer.

Increased pathogen variation and drug resistance in lung infections:

Since the widespread use of antibiotics, the mortality rate of bacterial pneumonia has decreased significantly, but the mortality rate of elderly patients is still high, and the incidence of pneumonia has not decreased. Gram-negative bacteria predominate in hospital-acquired lung infections. Among Gram-positive cocci, methicillin-resistant bacteria also increased significantly; community-acquired pneumonia was still dominated by Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae, as well as Legionella, Mycoplasma, Chlamydia, and viruses.

Respiratory disease prevention

1. Patients who smoke should first quit smoking. The incidence of chronic bronchitis is many times higher than that of non-smokers. The lung function of patients after smoking cessation is greatly improved, and passive smoking should also be avoided.

2. Strengthen physical exercise and enhance the body's resistance. The amount of exercise depends on your physical condition. Take a walk, punch, jog, etc. every morning, so that you can breathe fresh air and promote blood circulation. Winter exercise can improve the ability of the respiratory mucosa to adapt to cold air.

3, reasonable adjustment of room temperature, to prevent colds, winter indoor temperature should not be too high, otherwise the temperature difference with the outdoor is large, susceptible to colds. In summer, it is not advisable to be greedy, use air conditioning temperature should be moderate, otherwise it is easy to suffer from "hot cold" to induce bronchitis episodes, the flu epidemic season, try to be as little as possible to the crowd, a lot of sweating, do not suddenly undress, to prevent cold, pay attention to the season Changes in the increase and decrease of clothing, the elderly can be injected with influenza vaccine to reduce the chance of influenza infection.

Respiratory disease complications Complications, asthmatic bronchitis

Complications include shock, arrhythmia, multiple organ damage, such as liver failure, electrolyte imbalance, gastrointestinal symptoms such as vomiting, diarrhea, upper gastrointestinal bleeding and so on.

Symptoms of respiratory diseases Common symptoms Fever with cough, slightly... Cough, lungs, snoring, coughing, hoarseness, breathlessness , lungs, sputum, dryness and wetness... Chest tightness, infectious fever, pulmonary infection, persistent cough

Asthma: Chronic airway inflammation involving a variety of cells, especially mast cells, eosinophils, and T lymphocytes; this type of inflammation can cause recurrent wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and coughing in susceptible individuals. Symptoms, mostly at night or in the early hours of the morning; these symptoms are often accompanied by a wide and variable expiratory flow rate, but can be partially relieved or treated with relief; this symptom is also accompanied by airway to multiple stimuli Increased reactivity.

Tracheitis: The early symptoms of this disease are mild, mostly in the winter, relieved after the warmth of spring, and the course of the disease is slow, so it is not noticed by people. When advanced lesions progress and obstructive emphysema occurs, lung function is impaired, affecting health and labor. The disease is one of the most common diseases in China. The clinical data show that the age of onset is more than 40 years old, and the smoking patients are significantly higher than the non-smokers. The prevalence in China is higher in the north than in the south, and the incidence in rural areas is slightly higher than in the cities. .

Bronchitis: Clinically characterized by coughing, coughing, or accompanied by wheezing and recurrent hair. Also divided into chronic bronchitis and acute bronchitis. Acute bronchitis is characterized by runny nose, fever, cough, and cough, and has hoarseness, sore throat, and mild sternal friction. At the beginning, it is less smeared, sticky, and later becomes purulent. Stimulation such as smoke and cold air can make the cough worse.

Pulmonary heart disease: an increase in pulmonary circulation resistance caused by chronic lesions of the lungs or pulmonary arteries, a type of heart disease that causes pulmonary hypertension and right ventricular hypertrophy, with or without right heart failure. Pulmonary heart disease is a common disease in China and is frequently ill.

Tuberculosis: A chronic infectious disease caused by tubercle bacillus, which can affect multiple organs throughout the body, but tuberculosis is most common. The pathological features of this disease are tuberculous nodules and caseous necrosis, which are easy to form voids. Clinically, there are many chronic processes, and a few can be acutely ill. Often have low fever, fatigue and other systemic symptoms and cough, hemoptysis and other respiratory manifestations.

Respiratory disease check

1. Blood test: When the respiratory system is infected, the conventional white blood cells and neutrophils increase, sometimes accompanied by toxic particles; the increase of eosinophils suggests allergic factors or parasitic infections. 75% of patients with exogenous asthma have elevated lgE, which can rule out parasitic infections. Other serological antibody tests, such as fluorescent antibodies, convective immunoelectrophoresis, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, are useful for the diagnosis of infections such as viruses, mycoplasmas, and bacteria.

2, allergen test: asthma allergen skin test positive to help with antigen for desensitization treatment. A skin reaction that is positive for tuberculosis or fungi only indicates that it has been infected and is not sure of the disease.

3, sputum examination: sputum smear in the low-power field of view of the epithelial cells <10, white blood cells> 25 are relatively less polluted sputum specimens, quantitative culture bacteria 107 cfu / ml can be judged as pathogenic bacteria. If the truncated trachea is attracted by the tracheal puncture, or the anti-pollution double-cannula brush is sampled by the fiberoptic bronchoscope, the contamination of the throat colony can be prevented, which is of great value for the diagnosis and drug selection of the microbial infection of the lung. For the examination of exfoliated cells, it is helpful for the diagnosis of lung cancer.

4, pleural fluid examination and pleural biopsy: conventional pleural fluid examination can clearly ooze or leaking pleural fluid. Examination of pleural lysozyme, adenosine deaminase, carcinoembryonic antigen determination and chromosome analysis is conducive to the identification of tuberculosis and cancerous pleural effusion. Exfoliated cells and pleural biopsy have diagnostic value for defining tumors or tuberculosis.

5, imaging examination: chest fluoroscopy with the positive lateral chest radiograph, can be seen covered by the heart, sputum and other lesions, and can observe the sputum, cardiovascular activity. High voltage, tomography and CT can further clarify the location, nature and extent of tracheobronchial patency. Magnetic resonance imaging can be of great help for mediastinal disease and pulmonary embolism. Bronchography is helpful in the diagnosis of bronchiectasis, stenosis, and obstruction. Pulmonary angiography is used for pulmonary embolism and congenital or acquired lesions of various blood vessels; bronchial angiography and embolization have a good diagnostic value for hemoptysis.

Diagnosis of respiratory diseases

As with other systemic diseases, careful detailed medical history and physical examination are the basis for the diagnosis of respiratory diseases. X-ray chest examinations have a special role in lung lesions. Because respiratory diseases are often a manifestation of systemic diseases, comprehensive comprehensive analysis should be performed in combination with routine tests and other special examination results, in order to make a diagnosis of etiology, anatomy, pathology and function.

The material in this site is intended to be of general informational use and is not intended to constitute medical advice, probable diagnosis, or recommended treatments.