Endocrinopathy

Introduction to endocrine diseases Endocrine diseases are syndromes that occur when the endocrineopathy or endocrine tissue itself has a secretory function and/or structural abnormality. It also includes abnormalities in hormone sources, abnormal hormone receptors, and syndromes caused by physiological disorders caused by hormone or substance metabolism disorders. With the changes in human living standards and living environment, the incidence of endocrine and metabolic diseases has also increased greatly. The annual incidence rate is increasing year by year. The pathogenesis of such diseases is complicated, and most of the diseases are hidden, slow, and lingering. . basic knowledge Proportion of disease: according to different endocrine diseases, the proportion of illness is different Susceptible people: no specific population Mode of infection: non-infectious Complications: high blood pressure, headache, tinnitus, female infertility

Etiology of endocrine diseases

1. Physiological factors: The endocrine hormones of the human body are generally dysregulated with age. Usually the younger the less the endocrine. With age, women tend to ignore it. Some women's endocrine disorders are derived from heredity.

2, nutritional factors: adequate and appropriate nutrition is the basic guarantee for the body to maintain normal physiological functions, and now many female friends lose weight, food intake is insufficient, endocrine and other issues will appear one by one.

3. Environmental factors: Severe environmental pollution is another major factor in female endocrine disorders. In particular, toxic gases in the air enter the human body and undergo a series of chemical reactions, which indirectly lead to many problems such as menstrual disorders and endocrine disorders.

4. Emotional factors: Psychology is also an important reason.

Endocrine disease prevention

1. Pay attention to supplementing nutrition, achieve balanced nutrition, reasonable diet structure, and women should properly supplement estrogen.

2, to relax, adjust their mentality and reduce stress.

3, to live the law, do not stay up late, to ensure sleep, but also to do more outdoor activities.

Endocrine disease complications Complications, high blood pressure, headache, tinnitus, female infertility

High blood pressure, headache, dizziness, fatigue, tinnitus, etc., women may also lead to infertility.

Symptoms of Endocrine Disease Common Symptoms Postprandial Blood Sugar High Obesity Male Breast Large Female Body Hair Multiple Menstrual Scarce Hyperthyroidism Face Menstrual Cycle Change No Menstrual Rushing

1, hyperparathyroidism:

Hyperparathyroidism is the secretion of excess parathyroid hormone (PTH) from the nail parasite. Parathyroid gland itself has lesions, such as hyperproliferation, neoplastic or even cancerous, due to other physical conditions, such as long-term vitamin D deficiency, may lead to hyperparathyroidism. Hyperparathyroidism can lead to bone pain, fractures, hypercalcemia, etc. It can also harm other systems of the body and requires active diagnosis and treatment. It is the secretion of excessive parathyroid hormone (PTH) from the nail paragonad. Parathyroid gland itself has lesions, such as hyperproliferation, neoplastic or even cancerous, due to other physical conditions, such as long-term vitamin D deficiency, may lead to hyperparathyroidism. Hyperparathyroidism can lead to bone pain, fractures, hypercalcemia, etc. It can also harm other systems of the body and requires active diagnosis and treatment.

2, primary aldosteronism:

Primary aldosteronism (abbreviated as primary aldosteronism) is due to the lesion of the adrenal cortex, which secretes excessive aldosterone, resulting in retention of water and sodium, increased blood volume, and inhibition of the activity of the renin-angiotensin system. High blood pressure and hypokalemia are the main features of the syndrome. Most are caused by adrenal aldosterone adenomas, and may also be idiopathic aldosteronism.

3. Chronic adrenal insufficiency:

Chronic adrenal insufficiency is divided into primary and secondary types. The primary is also known as Addison's disease. It is caused by autoimmune, tuberculosis, fungal infections, tumors, leukemia, etc., which destroys the bilateral adrenal glands. Part of the adrenocortical hormone secretion is insufficient. Secondary refers to the hypothalamic secretion of CRF or pituitary secretion of ACTH deficiency. Chronic adrenal insufficiency is more common in adults, tuberculosis is more men than women, and idiopathic women are more likely to have more idiopathic immunity than men. The clinical manifestations are mainly weak and weak, skin mucosal pigmentation, weight loss, hypotension, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, water and electrolyte metabolism disorders and nervous system damage.

4, diabetes

(1) polydipsia, polyuria, polyphagia and weight loss

Typical "three more and one less" symptoms in severe hyperglycemia, more common in type 1 diabetes. The symptoms of "three more and one less" are more obvious when ketosis or ketoacidosis occurs.

(2) fatigue, obesity

More common in type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes often has obesity before it occurs. If it is not diagnosed in time, the body weight will gradually decrease.

Endocrine disease examination

1. Determination of follicle-stimulating hormone (fsh)

It is a glycoprotein hormone secreted by basophils of the anterior pituitary. Its main function is the follicular development and maturation of the ovary. If the fsh value is high, it is seen in premature ovarian failure, ovarian insensitivity syndrome, and primary amenorrhea.

2, luteinizing hormone (lh) determination

A glycogen protein hormone secreted by basal cells of the anterior pituitary. The main function is to promote ovulation and form corpus luteum secretion hormone. If high fsh is increased by lh, ovarian failure is very positive. Lh/fsh>3 is one of the basis for the diagnosis of multi-chassis syndrome.

3, prolactin (prl) determination

It is secreted by lactating trophoblast cells, one of the eosinophils in the anterior pituitary gland. It is a simple protein hormone. Its main function is to promote the formation of breast milk and milk.

4. Determination of estradiol (e2)

The main function is to make the intrauterine gland grow into a proliferative phase and promote the development of female secondary sexual characteristics.

5. Serum insulin and C-peptide levels

Reflects the reserve function of islet beta cells. Type 2 diabetes early or obese serum insulin is normal or increased, with the development of the disease, islet function gradually declines, insulin secretion capacity declines.

6, thyroxine (T4)

Thyroxine is a hormone synthesized and secreted by thyroid follicular cells, released into the blood circulation in a free form, and rapidly combined with plasma proteins.

7, triiodothyronine (T3)

T3 is a hormone synthesized and secreted by thyroid follicular cells.

Diagnosis and diagnosis of endocrine diseases

diagnosis

Complete endocrine disease diagnosis should include etiological diagnosis, pathological diagnosis (qualitative and localized diagnosis), and functional diagnosis. First, consider whether it is an endocrine disorder in the diagnosis procedure, and secondly identify a disease caused by the endocrine gland or the tissue itself or a group of secondary endocrine diseases, such as dwarfism caused by liver or kidney disease or malnutrition. It is often first analyzed from clinical manifestations and preliminary laboratory data. It is generally easy to determine functional diagnosis, and then determine the location of the lesion, the pathological nature, whether there is tumor, benign or malignant, and the location of the primary lesion should be identified. The diagnosis of the cause is more difficult, because the cause of many endocrine diseases is still unknown or lack of examination means. Early diagnosis should be sought for treatment.

The main basis for diagnosis is:

1. Clinical manifestations.

2. Laboratory data. Such as biochemical changes, hormone levels, immunology and genetics.

3. Gland function test. Including excitatory tests, inhibition tests, challenge tests and antagonistic tests. These tests not only can judge the abnormal function of endocrine, but also help to determine the location and cause of the lesion. For example, the thyroid stimulating hormone releasing hormone (TRH) stimulation test can help identify the lesions of hypothyroidism in the hypothalamus, pituitary or thyroid. High-dose dexamethasone suppression tests can help identify the possibility of adrenal lesions or tumors.

4, imaging examination. X-ray examination, radionuclide scanning, computed tomography (CT), B-mode ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), etc., are very meaningful for the location of lesions and for determining the cause.

5, pathological examination.

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