Brain dysplasia

Introduction to brain dysplasia Cerebellar hypoplasia is immature for cerebellum development. It stays in a shape in a certain stage of the embryo. Cerebellar dysplasia may not be fully developed in the cerebellar or cerebellar hemisphere, and cerebellar dysplasia may be an integral part of an independent malformation or Dandy-Walker malformation. The disease brain CT, MRI can be helpful. No special treatment. Severe cases often die before the age of 10, and the lesions are mild, and the cerebellar symptoms can be gradually compensated and improved. basic knowledge Sickness ratio: 0.0012% Susceptible people: no special people Mode of infection: non-infectious Complications: Spinocerebellar ataxia, somatosensory disturbance, disturbance of consciousness

Causes of brain dysplasia

The most common cause of infection with canine herpesvirus in the fetal period. Unexplained congenital anatomical malformation of the central nervous system. It was previously thought to be related to genetic factors and has been denied.

Brain dysplasia prevention

Pay attention to proper rest, do not master the combination of movement and rest, rest well, is conducive to the recovery of fatigue; exercise can enhance physical strength, enhance disease resistance, the combination of the two, can better recover.

Brain dysplasia complications Complications, spinal cerebellar ataxia, somatosensory disturbance

Friedreichs ataxia (FA) is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by childhood onset, progressive ataxia, cardiomyopathy, deep sensory loss of the lower extremities, loss of tendon reflexes, and pyramidal tract signs, often With skeletal deformities. It is known that this disease involves multiple systems and the clinical manifestations are complex and diverse. As the disease-causing gene is cloned and the gene is found to have GAA trinucleotide repeat extension, a new understanding of the pathogenesis of the disease has been made.

Somatosensory disorder is a neurological condition characterized by a persistent belief in beliefs or beliefs in various physical symptoms. The patient was repeatedly treated as a doctor, and various medical tests and doctors' explanations could not dispel their doubts. Even when a patient does have a physical disorder, it cannot explain the nature, extent, or suffering of the patient and the concept of preemption. These physical symptoms are thought to be caused by psychological conflicts and personality tendencies. Even if the symptoms are closely related to stressful life events or psychological conflicts, patients refuse to explore the possibility of psychological causes. Often accompanied by anxiety or depression.

Consciousness disorder refers to a state in which people's perceptions of themselves and the environment are impaired, or people's mental activities that are perceived by the environment are obstacles. The disturbance of consciousness is also a manifestation of critical illness. The patient did not respond and completely lost consciousness because the advanced nerves were severely inhibited.

Symptoms of brain dysplasia Common symptoms Brain organic mental disorder Sensory ataxia Gay gait mental retardation Cognitive dysfunction Limb disorder Deep sensory disorder Memory impairment Dysfunction Disorder

Autosomal recessive cerebellar ataxia

1. Typical cases

The onset age is 2 to 16 years old, with an average age of 11 years. Most of them start from the age of 20 years. The first symptoms are torso and lower limb ataxia, gait is unstable, running is difficult, Romberg sign is positive (both lower limbs can not stand together) ), later involved in the upper limbs, manifested as tremor, positive nasal test, rotational dysplasia, etc., a few cases with scoliosis, limb awkwardness or heart disease as the first symptom, early does not necessarily have dysarthria, pyramidal tract sign or Deep feelings are reduced or disappeared. After several years, these symptoms appear one after another. The Achilles tendon and knee tendon reflex disappear. Most patients have upper limb paralysis reflexes that disappear or weaken. Bilateral Bakr's sign is positive but muscle tension is not high. Lower limb vibratory sense and position. Decreased or disappeared, tactile sensation, pain, normal temperature, more than 2/3 patients have scoliosis, severe affecting cardiopulmonary function, common arched foot or varus in Figure 1, late visible distal muscle atrophy and weakness, The lower extremities are more obvious than the upper limbs. In the advanced stage, optic atrophy, cataract, nystagmus, a few patients have sensorineural deafness, dizziness, mental retardation in the late stage of the disease, and the mental process slows down. Xu instability are not uncommon.

Cardiomyopathy is often progressive, arrhythmia, heart failure can occur after ataxia symptoms, but also before, ECG abnormalities can be detected before neurological symptoms appear, visible T wave inversion, ST segment decline, QRS Low amplitude or arrhythmia, enlarged heart, murmur, echocardiography showing hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, late heart failure, in addition, diabetes or impaired glucose tolerance is about 10% to 20% of patients, usually 30 to 40 years old It is obvious.

Somatosensory evoked potentials were abnormal regardless of the stage or severity of the disease. EMG showed fasciculation, MRI showed spinal atrophy, and the upper neck was obvious. PET in the patients who were still able to walk showed that the local glucose metabolism rate was higher than normal. In patients who are unable to walk in the advanced stage, the local metabolic rate is reduced.

2, atypical Friedreich ataxia

It is often seen that it may be due to different alleles or other diseases, and genetic diagnosis is often required for diagnosis.

(1) Late-type Friedreich: Onset at about 30 years of age, the progress is slower and the symptoms are milder.

(2) FA preserved by sputum reflex: Before the age of 15 years, knees, tendon reflexes, early cardiomyopathy, and high mortality.

(3) FA with vitamin E deficiency: clinical symptoms of typical FA, vitamin E deficiency.

(4) Cases without myocardial disease, skeletal abnormalities, and muscle atrophy.

(5) MRI showed cases of mild degeneration of the spinal cord and severe degeneration of the cerebellum.

(6) Ataxia with eye movement apraxia: autosomal recessive inheritance, progressive cerebellar ataxia, loss of tendon reflex, peripheral neuropathy, ocular apraxia, scoliosis, varus, 1~ It is 15 years old and has a long life.

Pediatric giant brain malformation syndrome

The clinical manifestations of this disease are significant growth in the neonatal period, and there are long-headed giant brain, mental retardation, specific face and limb abnormalities.

The birth weight and length of the child are larger than normal, and the growth is rapid within 4 to 5 years after birth. Then the growth seems to be close to normal and stable. However, the measured value is still more than two standard deviations from the same age average. The disease has a special performance and is huge. Cranial, long head, eye distance too far, congenital stupid squint, special face, jaw protrusion, sacral bow high, mental retardation, awkward or ataxia, sometimes obesity, convulsions, abnormal handprint (It refers to the increase in the number of ridges in the triangle ab, the large fish pattern and fingerprints are more common in the bucket pattern), but there are also reports that the skin texture is abnormal.

Cerebellar tonsil malformation

According to the severity of the lesion, it is divided into 3 types:

Type I is the lightest type, which shows that the cerebellar tonsils penetrate into the spinal canal through the occipital foramen. The medulla is slightly displaced forward and downward. The fourth ventricle is normal, often with cervical syringomyelia and cranial neck. Bone deformity.

Type II is the most common type, manifested as cerebellar tonsils with or without the ankle into the spinal canal, the fourth ventricle becomes longer and lower, and some structures such as the skull, dura, midbrain, cerebellum, etc. Incomplete, 90% have hydrocephalus, often combined with syringomyelia, abnormal neuronal migration, spinal meningocele and so on.

Type III is the most severe type, rare, manifested as medulla, cerebellar vermis, fourth ventricle and part of the cerebellar hemisphere into the upper part of the spinal canal, combined with occipital meningeal bulging, and obvious head and neck deformity, cerebellar malformation, etc. .

Chiari reclassified it into 4 types. He added type IV to the first 3 types: cerebellar hypoplasia, but did not break into the spinal canal. This type is not accepted.

There are more women with cerebellar tonsillar malformation than men, type I is more common in children and adults, type II is more common in infants, type III is often seen in the neonatal period, type IV is often present in infancy, and it is reported that from symptom onset to admission time 6 weeks to 30 years, an average of 4.5 years.

The most common symptoms of cerebellar tonsil malformation are pain, usually pain in the occipital, neck and arms, burning-like radiation pain, a few local pain, usually persistent pain, and often painful in the neck. Other symptoms include dizziness, tinnitus, double vision, unstable walking and muscle weakness.

Common signs include lower extremity reflexes and upper limb muscle atrophy. About 50% of patients have sensory disturbances, upper limbs often have pain, and temperature is reduced, while lower extremities are degenerative sensation, nystagmus is common, the incidence rate is 43%, and soft palate is weak. Patients with cough accounted for 26.7%, optic disc edema was rare, and those with optic disc edema were accompanied by cerebellar or pons brain tumors. Saez (1976) was divided into 6 types according to their main signs, and each type showed:

1. The occipital macropore area is compressed: 38.3%, which is the cranial vertebrae joint lesion involving the cerebellum, the lower brain stem and the cervical spinal cord, which are characterized by headache, ataxia, nystagmus, dysphagia and exercise weakness, and corticospinal The symptoms of the bundle, the spinal thalamus bundle and the dorsal column, and various symptoms appear comprehensively, and it is difficult to determine which structure is the main affected person.

2, episodes of increased intracranial pressure: 21.7%, its prominent symptoms are headache when exerting force, headache, or headache, accompanied by nausea, vomiting, blurred vision and dizziness, normal nervous system examination or only slight and no Too clear positioning signs.

3, the central part of the spinal cord damaged: 20%, its symptoms and signs are mainly attributed to the internal or central lesions of the cervical spinal cord, manifested as pain-sensing sensory disturbance of the scapular region, segmental weakness or long-short symptoms, similar to syringomyelia Or clinical manifestations of intramedullary tumors.

4, cerebellum type: accounted for 10%, mainly manifested as gait, trunk, or limb ataxia, nystagmus, sputum and corticospinal tract disease.

5, tonic type: 6.7%, manifested as a state of rigidity, paroxysmal urinary incontinence, moderate to severe limbs, lower limbs more obvious than the upper limbs.

6, ball paralysis type: accounted for 3.5%, there is a manifestation of brain damage in the posterior group.

The cerebellar tonsil mandibular deformity type I mainly manifests as the occipital macropore area compression syndrome, that is, the posterior group cranial nerve symptoms, cerebellar signs, cervical nerve and cervical cord disease, increased intracranial pressure and syringomyelia, type II is After birth, there may be feeding difficulties, wheezing, asphyxia, combined with mental retardation, progressive hydrocephalus, high intracranial pressure and posterior group neurological symptoms.

Cerebral palsy syndrome

CP is rarely diagnosed in early infants and does not exhibit the characteristics of each syndrome by the age of 2, and should be closely followed for children with known high risk, including various evidence, birth injury, asphyxia, jaundice, meningitis. , or neonatal period with convulsions, low muscle tone, high muscle tone, and a history of reflex inhibition.

Before the manifestation of specific motor syndrome, the child showed motor developmental stagnation and sustained infancy reflexes, high reflexivity, and changes in muscle tone. CT or MRI may be helpful when the diagnosis or cause is uncertain.

(1) Basic performance

Cerebral palsy is characterized by non-progressive motor development abnormalities after birth, and generally has the following four manifestations.

1. Loss of exercise and reduction of active movement of the limbs: The child can not complete the exercise development process of normal children of the same age, including the vertical movement of the neck, sitting, standing, walking, and the fine movements of the fingers.

2, abnormal muscle tone: different from different clinical types, sputum type showed increased muscle tone; low muscle type showed squat limbs soft, but can still lead to sputum reflex; while hand and foot Xu move type showed variable muscle tone Not complete.

3, abnormal posture: affected by abnormal muscle tension and the original reflex disappeared, the child may have a variety of abnormal posture of the limb, and thus affect the performance of its normal motor function, the child will be placed in the prone position, supine position The upright position, as well as the supine position of the limbs and the abnormal position can be found when pulled up from the supine position.

4, abnormal reflection: a variety of original reflection disappeared delay, sputum cerebral palsy children with active sputum reflexes, can lead to sputum sputum and positive Babinski sign.

(B) four major clinical types of CP syndrome

type, hand and foot Xu type, ataxia type, and mixed type.

1, sputum type syndrome occurs in about 70% of cases, sputum is caused by the involvement of upper motor neurons, can be mild or severely affecting motor function, the syndrome can produce hemiplegia, paraplegia, quadriplegia, bilateral sputum.

Affected limbs are usually stunted and exhibit deep reflexes and high muscle tone, weakness, tendency to contracture, characteristic scissor gait and toe walking, and in mildly affected children, only some activities may be impaired ( Such as running), accompanied by quadriplegia, it is common to have damage to the mouth, tongue, and ankle movement associated with the cortical medulla, resulting in poor articulation.

2, hand and foot Xu or dyskinesia syndrome occurs in about 20% of cases, is the result of basal ganglia involvement, slow, writhing, unconscious movement may affect the limbs (hand and foot) or the proximal part of the limb and the trunk ( Dystonia type); sudden, rapid, and large-scale movements (dancing disease type) can occur, the movement increases with emotional stress, disappears during sleep, and there is serious difficulty in articulation.

3, ataxia syndrome occurred in about 10% of cases, due to the involvement of the cerebellum or its conduction pathway, weakness, poor coordination, instability caused by intentional tremor, squat gait, rapid and fine motor difficulty.

4, mixed type is common --- the most common, sputum type and hand and foot Xu move type; less common, ataxia type and hand and foot Xu move type.

Laboratory tests can help to rule out some progressive biochemical disorders involving the motor system (such as Tay-Sach disease, metachromatic leukodystrophy and mucopolysaccharidosis), other progressive abnormalities (such as infant axonal nutrition) Disorders cannot be ruled out by laboratory tests and must be ruled out by clinical and pathological examinations. Children with significant mental retardation and symmetrical motor abnormalities should be examined for amino acid and other metabolic abnormalities.

Related diseases: seizures occur in approximately 25% of patients, most commonly in sputum type patients, and strabismus and other visual impairments can also occur. Children with circadian rhythm often show neurological deafness and upward Patients with gaze palsy, spastic hemiplegia or paraplegia often have normal intelligence; spastic quadriplegia and mixed type are often associated with disability mental retardation, and attention time is short and hyperactivity is common.

Cerebral vascular malformation in children

1. Intracranial aneurysm: The clinical manifestation is due to direct compression of the surrounding tissue by the aneurysm or hemorrhage due to rupture of the tumor. There is often no obvious clinical symptoms before the blood is emitted, only occasionally III, V and VI. Cerebral nerve palsy; or slight forehead or eyelid pain, before bleeding, can be suspected of unilateral ophthalmoplegia due to difficult to explain the disease, bleeding often often acute, visible severe headache, vomiting and neck stiffness and other meninges Stimulation of symptoms, and can be seen convulsions, hemiplegia, sputum or aphasia, etc., sick children can gradually become comatose due to increased intracranial pressure, such as bleeding in the subarachnoid space, sick children can be indefinite signs, and only meningeal irritation, because Bleeding may have absorption of heat, retinal hemorrhage can be seen in fundus examination, and small infants may have full anterior iliac crest, increased tension, and intracerebral or subdural hematoma may cause neurological signs according to the affected area, such as bleeding in the dumb area. The clinical manifestations are mild; the bleeding range is small, the vital signs can be normal, and the first bleeding patient can be partially or completely recovered, but the bleeding will be repeated in the future. Therefore, it should be as early as possible. Diagnosis and prompt surgical treatment.

Because CT and MRI examinations are simple, rapid, and non-invasive, they have a high accuracy in the diagnosis of intracranial aneurysms. The biggest advantage is that they can accurately display the whole picture. In the diagnosis of aneurysms, other lesions such as hematoma can be found. , hydrocephalus, etc., some people think that high-definition MRA can replace DSA, but in the dynamic display of the morphology of aneurysms, and the relationship between the arteries of the tumor, small angiography is particularly important for the diagnosis of multiple aneurysms.

2, arteriovenous malformation of the great cerebral vein: it is a rare cerebrovascular malformation. According to the difference of the affected part and its size, the clinical symptoms are very different. The vascular malformation of the baby and the posterior fossa of the newborn is not uncommon; The vascular malformation in children is mostly located in the cerebral hemisphere on the upper side of the screen. This disease is common in the neonatal period and infancy. The disease has an early onset and has circulatory symptoms. It is worthy of clinical attention. According to the size of the arteriovenous shunt, the first time The age at which the symptoms appear, the clinical symptoms can be divided into the following three groups:

(1) Newborns: Most of the neonates have congestive heart failure, which is caused by a large amount of arterial blood flowing into the vein and the heart can not tolerate. The sick child may have difficulty breathing and cyanosis, and may also have hydrocephalus. And horror.

(2) Infancy: due to the obvious expansion of large cerebral veins, compression of surrounding tissues or stenosis of the aqueduct, causing secondary obstructive hydrocephalus, examination of the skull, scalp and facial venous engorgement, optic disc edema, Cardiac hypertrophy, head auscultation can be sustained, loud and limited murmur, in addition to sick children can have convulsions, nosebleeds and mental retardation.

(3) Larger children: due to traffic cerebral vascular rupture, common subarachnoid hemorrhage or parenchymal hemorrhage, neurological signs depending on the location of damaged brain tissue caused by bleeding, sick children can show headache, nausea, vomiting and Consciousness disorder, can also have dizziness, convulsions, aphasia or organic psychosis, physical examination of mild hemiplegia, cranial nerve palsy, eyeball protrusion, eyelid drooping, strabismus, pupillary reflex disappearance and optic disc edema, etc. The film can show increased intracranial pressure and can have curvilinear calcification. The diagnosis depends on continuous angiography of the cerebral vessels (mostly vertebral angiography). It can be seen that there is an aneurysm caused by arteriovenous fistula in the Calen vein area, and the proximal end is abnormally thick. The cerebral artery is supplied with a strong development, and the distal end has a dilated vein that is extremely dilated and detoured into the intracranial sinus.

3, cerebral hemisphere venous malformation: common in older children or young people, clinical manifestations have a long history of periodic migraine, until the occurrence of subarachnoid hemorrhage is considered this disease, clinical features and vascular malformation location, which The area where the middle cerebral artery is supplied is the most common. The first symptoms of the sick child are mostly limited sexual seizures, sometimes generalized to systemic seizures. It can last for several years, and the intramural murmur is more obvious, suggesting the possibility of vascular malformation in the brain.

Cerebral palsy

1. General performance

The clinical manifestations of cerebral palsy are diverse, mainly:

(1) Early performance:

1 Psychic symptoms: excessive irritability, often crying, it is difficult to fall asleep, violent reaction to sudden sounds and changes in body position, body shaking, crying like scare.

2 feeding difficulties: manifested as uncoordinated sucking and swallowing, and slow weight gain.

3 Difficulties in nursing: It is difficult to put the arm into the sleeve when dressing. It is difficult to separate the thigh when changing the diaper. When the foot touches the edge of the tub or the water surface during bathing, the baby's back is immediately stiff and arched, accompanied by crying.

(2) Motor dysfunction: all manifested as:

1 sports development backward: including gross movement or fine motor delay, active movement is reduced.

2 abnormal muscle tone: manifested as hypertonic muscle, muscle rigidity, low muscle tone and muscle tension are not coordinated.

3 abnormal posture: at rest, posture such as tension neck reflex posture, limb straight posture, horn arch reversal posture, hemiplegia posture; abnormal posture during activity such as dance-like hand-foot-swinging and twisting sputum, spastic paraplegia gait, cerebellar mutual aid Offset gait.

4 Abnormal reflection: the original reflection delay disappears, the protective reflection delays and the Vojta posture reflection pattern is abnormal. Vojta posture reflection includes traction reflection, lift reflection, Collin horizontal and vertical reflection, standing and inverted and oblique suspension reflection.

2, classification

According to the scope and nature of cerebral palsy motor dysfunction, the classification is as follows:

(1) spasticity: the highest incidence rate, accounting for 60% to 70% of all patients, often mixed with other types of symptoms, lesions and pyramidal tract system, mainly manifested as central sputum, affected limb muscle tension Increased, limited limb activity, abnormal posture, deep sputum reflex, positive sputum sputum, still positive for pyramidal tract after 2 years old, increased flexor tone of upper limbs, adduction of shoulder joint, elbow joint, wrist joint and finger joint flexion In the supine position, the lower extremity knee joint, the hip joint is in a flexion posture; the head position is difficult to raise the head; when the seat is started, the head is tilted backward, and when the seat can be sitting later, the legs are difficult to straighten, the kyphosis is convex, and the lower limb is "W Shape; hips when standing, knees slightly bent, toes on the ground; walking when walking, scissor-like gait, according to the affected parts are further divided into 7 kinds:

Hemiplegia: refers to the involvement of one limb and trunk. The upper limbs are more affected than the lower limbs, the spontaneous movement of the temporal limbs is reduced, the walking is delayed, the hemiplegic gait, the affected limbs are on the ground, and about 1/3 of the children There were convulsions at the age of 1 to 2 years, and about 25% of the children had cognitive dysfunction and mental retardation.

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3 quadriplegia (quadriplegia): refers to the limbs and trunk are affected, the upper and lower limbs are similar in severity, is the most serious type of cerebral palsy, often associated with mental retardation, language disorders, visual abnormalities and seizures.

4 paraplegia (paraplegia): the lower limbs are obviously affected, the trunk and upper limbs are normal.

5 double hemiplegic (double: hemiplegia): limbs involved, but the upper limbs are more inconsistent than the lower limbs or the degree of sputum on the left and right sides.

6 triple limbs (triplegia): three limbs involved, mostly upper limbs plus lower limb paralysis.

7 single (monoplegia): single limb involvement, single sputum performance is mild, easy to misdiagnosis, if it occurs in non-profit, it is more likely to be misdiagnosed.

(2) athetic type of hand and foot: about 20% of the cerebral palsy, the main lesions in the extrapyramidal system, manifested as involuntary movements that are difficult to control with will, involuntary, inconsistent and ineffective movements when performing conscious movements Increased, these movements disappeared during sleep, and the muscle tension decreased, the head was weak, the feeding was difficult, and the tongue often protruded out of the mouth and rogue. After 1 year of age, the movement of the hands and feet gradually became obvious, and the mouth muscles showed significant language difficulties. The statement is vague, tone adjustment is also involved, usually no pyramidal sign, hand and foot cerebral palsy is not serious, and convulsions are rare. With the extensive development of perinatal care, this type is now rare.

(3) rigidity: This type is rarely seen, because the body muscle tension is significantly increased, the body is abnormally stiff, the movement is reduced, mainly for extrapyramidal symptoms, when the limbs are passively exercised, the active muscles and antagonist muscles There is continuous resistance, the muscle tension is increased in lead-tube or gear shape, and the sputum reflex is not hyperthyroidism, often accompanied by severe mental retardation.

(4) ataxia type (ataxia): can occur alone or in combination with other types, the main lesions in the cerebellum, clinical manifestations of gait instability, widened foot spacing when walking, limbs movements are not coordinated, upper limbs often have intentions Sexual tremor, rapid change in the movement of the movement, finger nose test is easy to error, muscle tension is low, this type is rare.

(5) Tremor type (tremor): This type is rare, manifested as limb tremor, mostly static tremor.

(6) Inferior muscle tone (atonia): manifested as low muscle tone, soft limbs in the limbs, and little autonomic movement. In the supine position, the extremities are abducted and externally rotated like a frog, in the prone position, the head Can not be lifted, often easy to mix with muscle relaxation caused by muscle disease, but low muscle tone can lead to sputum reflex, most cases in infants and young children after the conversion to sputum type or hand and foot Xu move type.

(7) Mixed type: The same child can express the symptoms of the above 2 to 3 types, and the sputum type and the hand and foot type are often affected at the same time, and a small number of sick children cannot be classified.

Brain atrophy

1, systemic symptoms: early lesions, patients often have dizziness, headache, insomnia and more dreams, waist and knees, hands and feet numb, tinnitus and deafness; gradually slow response, slow motion, muttered to himself, answer is not asked. In terms of the body, it often appears as an old-fashioned dragon, with white teeth falling, dry skin, hyperpigmentation, or even hemiplegia, epilepsy, or ataxia, tremors, etc., neurological symptoms may or may not be present.

2, memory impairment: recent memory loss occurs earlier, such as frequent loss of items, forgetting things that have been promised. As the disease progresses, the memory is completely lost.

3, changes in personality behavior: personality changes are often the early symptoms of the disease, patients become vacant, do not like to interact with people, or manifested as lack of ideals, desires, lack of affection for their loved ones; life habits are weird, impetuous, Increased speech, or duplication; or suspicious selfishness, special attention to your health and safety, often entangled by some minor discomfort. All patients' high-level emotional activities, shame, responsibility, glory, and morality all have different degrees of decline, and changes in sleep rhythm can also occur.

4, intelligent decline, dementia: performance of understanding, judgment, computing skills and other intellectual activities decline, can not adapt to social life, difficult to work and housework; gradually unable to correctly answer their names, age, eating, not hunger, after going out If you don't know how to return, collect waste paper and debris as a treasure. In the late stage of illness, staying in bed all the time, life can not take care of themselves, do not be close to the person, incontinence, speech vague, slurred speech, no words, no complete dementia.

Cerebral palsy

1. The body is weak and spontaneous exercise is reduced. This is a symptom of low muscle tone. It can be seen in one month. If it lasts for more than 4 months, it can be diagnosed as severe brain injury, mental retardation or muscle system disease.

2, the body is hard, this is the symptoms of hypertonic muscle, can be seen in a month, if it lasts more than 4 months, can be diagnosed as cerebral palsy.

3, slow response and no name, this is an early manifestation of mental retardation, it is generally considered that the reaction is slow at 4 months, no response at 6 months, can be diagnosed as mental retardation.

4, head circumference abnormalities: head circumference is an objective indicator of the development of the brain's morphology, brain damage children often have head circumference abnormalities.

5, breastfeeding difficulties, not sucking after birth, sucking weakness or refusal to suck, tired and weak after sucking, often coughing, spitting milk, mouth can not be closed very well, poor weight gain.

6, fixed posture, children are very quiet after birth, crying weak or continuous crying, often due to brain damage caused by abnormal muscle tension, such as angulation, frog position, inverted U-shaped posture: potential, etc. It will be visible in the next month.

7, do not laugh: If you can not smile for 2 months, 4 months can not be lol, can be diagnosed as mental retardation.

8, hand fist: If 4 months still can not open, or thumb adduction, especially the presence of one side of the upper limbs, has important diagnostic significance.

9, body twist: 3-4 months of babies if the body is reversed, often suggesting extrapyramidal injury.

10, head instability: such as 4 months prone can not raise the head or sit when the head can not be vertical, often an important sign of brain damage.

11, strabismus: 3-4 months of babies with strabismus and poor eye movements, can indicate the presence of brain damage.

12, can not reach out to grab things: such as 4-5 months can not reach out to grab things, can be diagnosed as mental retardation or cerebral palsy.

13, gaze hands: 6 months later still exist, can be considered for mental retardation.

14, children are easy to stun: convulsions, screams or irritability.

15, spontaneous exercise is less or not moving or easy to play, the whole body is soft, muscles are loose or the body is hard, often smashing out from the sputum.

Brain dysplasia check

1, brain CT: is the most important imaging diagnosis method, the reason is that the examination speed is fast, sensitive to fresh bleeding, and can show edema and increased intracranial pressure, secondary cerebral palsy and other important lesions; brain CT is also suitable for diagnosis Head fractures, especially sag fractures and skull base fractures.

2. Brain MRI: Magnetic resonance imaging is a type of tomography that uses electromagnetic resonance to obtain electromagnetic signals from the human body and reconstruct human body information.

Diagnosis and diagnosis of brain dysplasia

diagnosis:

Although the disease needs to be differentiated from head trauma, hydrocephalus and spinal cord defects in the newborn dog stage, but the typical symptoms appear when the dog begins to walk, the disease should be suspected first. Visually, dogs with cerebellar hypoplasia can see the collapse of the posterior fossa in the lateral X-ray of the head. But this feature is not always visible. In addition, the severity of the condition is not necessarily parallel to the size of the cerebellum. At the time of necropsy, different degrees of cerebellar atrophy (normal size of the brain and medulla) were observed by the naked eye, and histological observation showed characteristic manifestations (molecular layer cells of the cerebellar cortex, Purkinje cells, and granular cells significantly reduced or disappeared). This can be diagnosed. Viruses are isolated from cerebellar tissue, viral antigens are detected by fluorescent antibody methods (mainly in Purkinje cells), and high titers of virus-neutralizing antibodies are also detected in the blood to help confirm the diagnosis.

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