Plain radiographs of bones and joints of extremities

The bones and joints of the extremities were filmed on the extremities and related joints to confirm the bone condition after the fracture. Follow the doctor's instructions to check. Don't have to panic on the X line. When the patient is on X-ray examination, the safe exposure should be within 100 roentgens, and the allowable number of exposures and time should be determined according to the exposure amount. Basic Information Specialist classification: growth and development check classification: X-ray Applicable gender: whether men and women apply fasting: not fasting Tips: X-rays have a certain amount of radiation and need to be mentally prepared. Normal value Because children are in the stage of growth and development, their normal bone performance is different from that of adults. For example, the long bone tubular bone is divided into four parts: the backbone, the metaphysis, the epiphyseal plate and the epiphysis. The adult is divided into two parts: the backbone and the bone end. The width varies with age and location. During the growth and development period, with the gradual ossification of the cartilage, the joint space is gradually narrowed, the cartilage of the elderly is degenerated and thinned, and the joint space is narrowed. Observe abnormal shadows when filming. Clinical significance Abnormal results: First, long bones: The femur, tibia, tibia and ulna are all long bones. Taking the humerus as an example, the adult long bone is composed of the backbone and the bone end. The bone end of the long bone in childhood can be divided into the epiphyseal plate and the metaphysis. The bone ends are mainly osteoporosis. The backbone consists of the cortical bone and the medullary cavity. There is a periosteum and soft tissue covering on the outside. In the analysis of the long bone X-ray performance, the longitudinal sequence of the soft tissue, periosteum, cortical bone, cancellous bone marrow and bone marrow cavity can be observed in the longitudinal order of the epiphysis, the epiphyseal plate, the metaphyseal end and the backbone. (1) Softtissue: Including skin, subcutaneous fat, muscles and tendons. On the high-quality X-ray film, the normal level is shown by the adipose tissue, and the boundary is clear. (B) Periosteum: Divided into outer periosteum and inner periosteum (marrow membrane). Except for the joint end, the surface of the bone has an outer periosteum covering. The periosteal liner is inside the medullary cavity. The periosteum consists of a fibrous layer and a cellular layer. The normal periosteum has the same density as the soft tissue surrounding the bone and is not developed on the X-ray film. (three) cortex (Cortex) It consists of dense bone. The density is the largest, except that the muscle or tendon attachment can be slightly rough, the surface is smooth, the inside is rough, the middle is the thickest, and the thinner the end. Sometimes a smooth and tidy oblique light-transparent line shadow is visible in the bone skin, which is the nutrient vascular groove of the bone, and can not be mistaken for the fracture line. (4) Cancellousbone: It consists of trabecular bone and bone marrow gaps of varying thickness. It is mainly distributed in the inner part of the long bone, the vertebral body, the flat bone and the irregular bone. The political party is a clear thin strip of bone texture, interlaced like a sponge. 5) Medullarycavity: Located in the center of the backbone, internal fat and hematopoietic tissue. Due to the overlap of cortical bones around, it is often shown that the boundaries are not clear and the density is low. (6) Epiphysis: Located at both ends of the long bone. In the fetus and infants, the cartilage is mostly ossified with age, and a secondary ossification center or bone nucleus appears. The initial nucleus is one or more point-like dense shadows, which gradually increase, and the edges can be slightly irregular, and finally merge with the metaphysis. Bonrage refers to the age at which the bone nucleus and irregular ossification center of the epiphysis appear and the epiphysis and metaphysis are fused. According to the bone age, the growth and development of the bone can be presumed to be helpful for diagnosis. It has certain value for the diagnosis of some endocrine diseases. However, it has a normal range of standards and varies by race, region and gender. Pay attention to the influence of these factors when applying. (7) Epiphyseal plate: It is the cartilage between the epiphysis and the metaphysis (anatomically called the disc or cartilage disc). On the X-ray film of children's long bones, it shows a wide transverse light-transmissive belt, which gradually narrows with age and forms a light-transmitting line. It is called the sacral line on X-ray, and should be distinguished from the fracture line. Finally, the epiphysis and the metaphysis end are connected to form a bone end, the long bone stops growing, and the epiphyseal line disappears, sometimes leaving a dense line trace. (8) Metaphysis: It is the wider part of the backbone. Here, the bone growth is the most active. It is composed of cancellous bone. It is rich in curved microvascular vasospasm and has slow blood flow. It is a good site for some bone diseases. (9) Diaphysis: It is a long bone body with a long tubular shape with a narrower middle and gradually widened to both ends. (10) Sub-bone and accessory bone (Sesamoidboneandaccesorybone): It is a common anatomical variation of the limbs. The bone is a bone that is attached to the tendon near the bone and is more common in the palm, phalanx, and phalanges. The accessory bone is the result of multiple ossification centers of a certain bone that are not fused during development. They are characterized by a certain anatomical location, often bilateral symmetry, and a smooth contour. It should be distinguished from bone fragments and osteophytes. People who need to be examined: fractures, people with abnormal bones in their limbs. Precautions Taboo before inspection: X-rays have certain radiation and need to be mentally prepared. The number of exposures must not exceed 2 to 3 times. X-ray examination of infants and young children is best to expose only the part to be inspected, and the rest should be covered. Requirements for inspection: Obey the doctor's instructions to check. Don't have to panic on the X line. When the patient is on X-ray examination, the safe exposure should be within 100 roentgens, and the allowable number of exposures and time should be determined according to the exposure amount. Inspection process Preparation before photography: No special preparation is required for the skull, chest, limbs and other parts. When photographing the abdomen, lower spine, pelvis, and urinary tract, the contents of the intestine must be removed, otherwise the diagnosis will be affected. Photography steps: Carefully check the patient's name, gender, age, and location. Select the appropriate size of the cassette according to the inspection site. Place the number, date, and left and right markers. The choice of grids, where the thickness is generally more than 12 cm, requires a grid. Remove clothing or substances that affect X-ray penetration, such as hairpins, ornaments, ointments, and dressings (as appropriate). Select the appropriate exposure conditions, focus size, kilovolts, milliamps, time, focus - slice distance. The part of the photography related to breathing (such as the chest and abdomen) should be trained to exhale, inhale, and hold your breath. Position the position, measure the center line, and start the machine exposure. Recording conditions are recorded after the photography is completed. Not suitable for the crowd Pregnant women. Adverse reactions and risks No complications.

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