Pigmented gallstones

In the United States, pigmented stones account for about 20% to 30%; while in Taiwan, most of these stones are estimated to be over 60%. However, in recent years, the control of chronic liver disease, the reduction of parasitic diseases, and the improvement of the health environment, This pigmented stone has a clear decreasing trend. The formation of pigmented gallstones is closely related to non-soluble concentrations of bilirubin, reduced bile salts, biliary tract infections, gallbladder relaxation, primary liver disease, hemolytic disease and aging. The formation of pigmented gallstones is closely related to non-soluble concentrations of bilirubin, reduced bile salts, biliary tract infections, gallbladder relaxation, primary liver disease, hemolytic disease and aging.

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