Inlet valve simple mitral / aortic valve placement

The etiology of combined valvular disease can be divided into two categories, rheumatic and non-rheumatic. Among them, rheumatism is the most common, especially in Africa, India, South America, and many developing countries including China; in non-rheumatic causes, mucoid degeneration or degenerative change (most common in the elderly) and infectivity Endocarditis is more common. Other rare causes are systemic lupus erythematosus, carcinoid tumors, secondary hyperparathyroidism, radiation damage, trauma, Werner syndrome, and drugs (such as anorectic diet pills).

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