Scar

Scars Scars are a natural product of the wound healing process, but the formation of pathological scars caused by excessive repair can cause damage to the appearance and dysfunction of varying degrees. Pathological scars mainly include hypertrophic scars and keloids. Histological features are the proliferation of a large number of fibroblasts, excessive deposition of collagen, proteoglycans, and glycoproteins in the extracellular matrix, and disordered collagen fibers. Its clinical manifestations are paresthesia, tumor-like hyperplasia, and varying degrees of dysfunction; patients need to face a series of physical, psychological, cosmetic, and social problems. So far, the treatment of pathological scars remains complex and difficult. In lower vertebrates, defects in the tail can be replaced by regeneration of new limbs and tail. However, humans have only a few internal organs, such as the liver, pancreas, and salivary glands, to perform this repair. Most tissue damage in humans is repaired by scarring. Although we use the terms healing and repair to describe this process, this by no means means the recovery of tissue function. Scars are always an incomplete replacement for the tissue before injury. From a mechanical point of view, the resistance is weakened; from a nutritional point of view, an obstacle to the exchange of oxygen and nutrients is formed; from a functional point of view, deformities and dysfunction of the damaged tissue are often caused by contraction and stretching. Keloids have similar histological features to hypertrophic scars. However, it has unique growth characteristics, manifested as persistent scar hyperplasia beyond the edge of the wound, and generally cannot resolve on its own.

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