Refractory cardiac insufficiency

Heart failure generally refers to the late stage of cardiac insufficiency and belongs to the stage of decompensation. The patient has shown obvious symptoms and signs of heart failure. Refractory heart failure refers to those who have difficulty in controlling heart failure after routine rest, restricting water and sodium intake, and giving diuretics and cardiotonics. Refractory heart failure is the result of the development of heart disease to the end stage. Patients typically present with symptoms of heart failure when they are at rest or with very little activity (including most daily activities), often requiring repeated or prolonged hospitalizations. Therefore, its treatment strategy is different from general heart failure.

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