Decreased normal immunoglobulin

Introduction Normal immunoglobulin reduction is mainly seen in immunodeficiency diseases. Immunodeficiency diseases IDD is a group of diseases caused by defects in immune function caused by hypoplasia or damage of the immune system. There are two types: 1 Primary immunodeficiency disease, also known as congenital immunodeficiency disease, is related to heredity and occurs mostly in infants and young children. 2 secondary immunodeficiency disease, also known as acquired immunodeficiency disease, can occur at any age, mostly due to serious infections, especially direct invasion of the immune system, malignant tumors, application of immunosuppressive agents, radiation therapy and chemotherapy cause.

Cause

Pathological processes caused by defects in immune organ, tissue or cell development, or immune dysfunction or defects.

Immunodeficiency diseases can be divided into congenital hereditary immunodeficiency disease and acquired secondary immunodeficiency disease according to their causes. Immunodeficiency diseases can be divided into congenital immunodeficiency diseases and acquired secondary diseases according to their causes. Two types of sexual immunodeficiency diseases, they all lead to low or lack of immune function, prone to serious infections or tumors.

an examination

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The most typical clinical symptoms are repeated infections or serious infections. Due to genetic factors or congenital factors, the immune system caused by the immune system in different stages of the development of the individual, different parts of the immune deficiency, called congenital immunodeficiency disease, or primary immunodeficiency disease. Most of them are related to blood cell differentiation and development, and are often caused by infants and young children, and severe cases lead to death. There are many types of congenital immunodeficiency diseases, which are often classified into antibody defects, complement defects, phagocytic defects, joint defects, and T cell defects. Immune dysfunction caused by other diseases and factors is called secondary immunodeficiency disease. It is more common in clinical practice.

Infections, tumors, liver, renal insufficiency, endocrine disorders, immune hyperplasia or other chronic wasting diseases can cause varying degrees of immunodeficiency. Long-term use of immunosuppressive agents in tumors and organ transplants can also lead to secondary immunodeficiency. Patients with immunodeficiency cannot perform normal immune responses and defense functions.

There are often many performances in bed:

(1) Infection, repeated infection is the most important and common clinical manifestation of immunodeficiency disease, and severe cases can die from uncontrollable infections.

(2) Tumor, the incidence of malignant tumors in patients with congenital immunodeficiency is 100 to 300 times higher than that of normal people; the incidence of malignant tumors is higher than that of patients with secondary immunodeficiency disease caused by immunosuppressive therapy during kidney transplantation. Ordinary people are 100 times higher.

(3) Allergies, due to immune dysfunction, the incidence of allergic diseases in patients with immunodeficiency is higher than normal.

(4) Autoimmune diseases, due to immune dysfunction, disorders, often lead to the occurrence of autoimmune diseases. From the clinical observation, secondary immunodeficiency occurred mostly in the elderly, and all were temporary. After eliminating the original cause, most of them could gradually recover. However, severe cases, such as ionizing radiation and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, can sometimes cause irreversible immunodeficiency.

Differential diagnosis

(a) congenital immunodeficiency disease

The difference in the location of congenital immunodeficiency causes different levels of immune function. According to the different immune cells and components involved, it can be divided into specific immunodeficiency and non-specific immunodeficiency.

(1) Specific immunodeficiency

1, B cell deficient disease

It accounts for 50% to 70% of congenital immunodeficiency diseases. Defects occur in the B lymphocyte progenitor stage, and B lymphocytes are not mature, so antibodies cannot be produced. Therefore, the main feature of the disease is the reduction or deletion of immunoglobulin levels. The defects of the immunoglobulin may be reduced by various types of immunoglobulins, or may be decreased by a certain class or subclass of immunoglobulins. Sexual hypogammaglobulinemia (Bruton syndrome), selective IgA, IgM, and IgG subtype deficiency diseases are all such.

2, T cell deficient disease

It accounts for 5% to 10% of congenital immunodeficiency diseases. Mainly due to congenital thymic dysplasia, the number of T cells is reduced, and T cell dysfunction can also be caused by lack of molecules such as certain enzymes or membrane glycoproteins. Digeorge syndrome (congenital thymic dysplasia) is representative of this type of disease.

3, T and B cells combined with defective diseases

The etiology and severity of combined immunodeficiency disease are uncertain. If the defect occurs in the lymphatic stem cell stage, causing a serious loss of T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes, severe combined immunodeficiency disease occurs, and the patient appears to be susceptible to infection with various microorganisms.

(2) Non-specific immune deficiency

1. Phagocytic cell deficiency disease

- Phagocytes include phagocytic cells, monocytes, and neutrophils in the blood. Congenital phagocytic deficiency disease mainly refers to diseases caused by dysfunction of phagocytic cells, and the relative incidence rate is 1% to 2%, and the most common is chronic granulomatous disease.

2, complement system defect disease

The disease is caused by a genetic defect in the components of the complement component of the body or its regulatory protein.

(2) Acquired secondary immunodeficiency disease

Secondary immunodeficiency disease refers to temporary or permanent damage to the immune system caused by other diseases (such as chronic infection), radiation exposure, long-term use of immunosuppressive agents, and dystrophic disorders, resulting in low immune function. The secondary immunodeficiency disease can be a cellular immune deficiency, a humoral immune deficiency, or both. Secondary immunodeficiencies can be divided into two broad categories depending on the cause of the disease: immunodeficiencies secondary to certain diseases and iatrogenic immunodeficiencies.

1. Immune defects secondary to certain diseases

(1) infection

Many viruses, bacteria, fungi and protozoal infections often cause low immunity. For example, measles virus, rubella virus, cytomegalovirus, severe tuberculosis or leprosy infection can cause a decrease in T cell function in patients. In particular, HIV-induced AIDS is the most serious.

(2) malignant tumor

Malignant tumors, especially lymphoid tissues, can often progressively inhibit the immune function of patients. Significant cellular immunity and humoral immune dysfunction often occur in cancer patients with extensive metastases.

(3) Loss of protein, excessive consumption or insufficient synthesis

In the case of chronic glomerulonephritis, nephrotic syndrome, acute and chronic digestive tract diseases, and extensive burns or burns, proteins include a large loss of immunoglobulin; increased protein consumption in chronic wasting diseases; malabsorption of the digestive tract and undernutrition When the protein synthesis is insufficient, the above various reasons can reduce the immunoglobulin and the humoral immune function is weakened.

2. Iatrogenic immunodeficiency

(1) Long-term use of immunosuppressants, cytotoxic drugs and certain antibiotics

High doses of adrenocortical hormone can cause overall inhibition of immune function. Antitumor drugs (folate antagonists and alkylating agents) can simultaneously inhibit the differentiation and maturation of T cells and B cells, thereby suppressing immune function. Certain antibiotics such as chloramphenicol can inhibit antibody production and proliferative responses of T cells and B cells to mitogens.

(2) Radiation damage

Radiation therapy is an effective means of malignant tumors and inhibition of transplant rejection of the same tissue and organ. Most lymphocytes are very sensitive to gamma rays. Large doses of radiation damage can cause permanent immunodeficiency.

The most typical clinical symptoms are repeated infections or serious infections. Due to genetic factors or congenital factors, the immune system caused by the immune system in different stages of the development of the individual, different parts of the immune deficiency, called congenital immunodeficiency disease, or primary immunodeficiency disease. Most of them are related to blood cell differentiation and development, and are often caused by infants and young children, and severe cases lead to death. There are many types of congenital immunodeficiency diseases, which are often classified into antibody defects, complement defects, phagocytic defects, joint defects, and T cell defects.

Immune dysfunction caused by other diseases and factors is called secondary immunodeficiency disease. It is more common in clinical practice. Infections, tumors, liver, renal insufficiency, endocrine disorders, immune hyperplasia or other chronic wasting diseases can cause varying degrees of immunodeficiency. Long-term use of immunosuppressive agents in tumors and organ transplants can also lead to secondary immunodeficiency. Patients with immunodeficiency cannot perform normal immune responses and defense functions.

There are often many performances in bed:

(1) Infection, repeated infection is the most important and common clinical manifestation of immunodeficiency disease, and severe cases can die from uncontrollable infections.

2) Tumor, the incidence of malignant tumors in patients with congenital immunodeficiency is 100-300 times higher than that of ordinary people; the incidence of malignant tumors is higher than that of ordinary people due to the use of immunosuppressive agents in renal transplantation for secondary immunodeficiency disease. 100 times higher.

(3) Allergies, due to immune dysfunction, the incidence of allergic diseases in patients with immunodeficiency is higher than normal.

(4) Autoimmune diseases, due to immune dysfunction, disorders, often lead to the occurrence of autoimmune diseases. From the clinical observation, secondary immunodeficiency occurred mostly in the elderly, and all were temporary. After eliminating the original cause, most of them could gradually recover. However, severe cases, such as ionizing radiation and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, can sometimes cause irreversible immunodeficiency.

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