Cognitive dysfunction

Introduction Cognition is the process in which the human brain receives external information, processes it, and transforms it into an intrinsic psychological activity to acquire knowledge or apply knowledge. It includes aspects such as memory, language, visual space, execution, calculation, and understanding judgment. Cognitive impairment refers to the impairment of one or more of the above cognitive functions and affects the individual's daily or social abilities. It is one of psychological disorders, cognitive defects or abnormalities. Cognition refers to the process in which the human brain receives external information, processes it, and transforms it into an intrinsic psychological activity to acquire knowledge or apply knowledge. It includes aspects such as memory, language, visual space, execution, calculation, and understanding judgment. Cognitive impairment refers to the impairment of one or more of the above cognitive functions. When the cognitive domain has two or more involvement and affects the individual's daily or social ability, it can be diagnosed as dementia.

Cause

The reasons are diverse, and most of the causes are due to organic diseases. Such as neurasthenia, snoring, doubt, menopausal syndrome, depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, senile dementia, schizophrenia, reactive psychosis, paranoid psychosis, mania, bipolar disorder and so on.

Cognitive impairments mainly include:

(1) Perceptual disorder: such as hypersensitivity, feeling slow, internal discomfort, feeling deterioration, sensory deprivation, pathological illusion, hallucination, and perceived comprehensive disorder;

(2) memory disorders: such as excessive memory, memory defects, memory errors;

(3) Thinking obstacles: such as abstract process obstacles, association process obstacles, thinking logic obstacles, delusions, etc.

The causes of the above various cognitive disorders are various, and most of them are caused by mental disorders in addition to organic diseases. Such as neurasthenia, snoring, doubt, menopausal syndrome, depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, senile dementia, schizophrenia, reactive psychosis, paranoid psychosis, mania, bipolar disorder and so on.

an examination

Related inspection

EEG check EEG sharp wave

The human brain involves a wide range of cognitive functions, including learning, memory, language, movement, thinking, creativity, spirit, emotion, etc. Therefore, cognitive manifestations are also diverse, and these manifestations can exist separately. But many people appear.

(1) Learning and memory disorders

Learning and memory are complex dynamic processes. The understanding of the basic mechanisms of learning and memory benefits from the simple nervous system of a low-grade invertebrate aplysia. Memory is the ability to process, store, and recall messages, and is related to learning and perception. The memory process includes the process of sensory input sensory memory short-term memory long-term memory memory of stored messages. Short-term memory involves the phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of specific proteins, while long-term memory involves the synthesis of new proteins in addition to phosphorylation of specific proteins. When the different parts of the cerebral cortex are damaged, it can cause different types of memory disorders. For example, the damage of the hippocampus in the temporal lobe mainly causes spatial memory disorder, and the damage of the blue spot and the amygdala mainly causes emotional memory impairment.

(2) Aphasia

Aphasia is a barrier to language communication due to brain damage. Under the premise of clear consciousness, no mental disorder and serious mental retardation, the patient has no visual and auditory defects, and there are no muscles of the vocal organs, such as the mouth, throat, and throat, and the joint movement disorder, but they cannot understand others and their own speeches. I can't say what I want to say, I don't understand and can't write words that I can read and write before I get sick. Traditional wisdom holds that aphasia can only be caused by damage to the cerebral cortex language zone. After the advent of CT, it was confirmed that lesions located in the superior lateral cortical structures (such as the thalamus and basal ganglia) can also cause aphasia.

(3) Loss of recognition

Loss of recognition refers to the fact that when the patient has no visual, auditory, tactile, intelligent, and conscious obstacles during brain damage, the familiar objects cannot be identified by one sense, but can be recognized through other sensory channels. For example, if a patient sees a watch and does not know what it is, it can be seen as a watch by touching the shape of the watch or the sound of walking around the watch.

(4) Disappearance

To complete a complex random movement, not only the integration of the upper and lower motor neurons and the extrapyramidal system and the cerebellar system, but also the idea of movement, which is the function of the cortex of the contact area. Disuse refers to the absence of any motor paralysis, ataxia, dystonia, and sensory disturbances in patients with brain disorders. In the case of unconsciousness and mental retardation, it is not possible to use some of the limb functions correctly with the cooperation of whole body movements. Complete the actions that have already formed habits, such as not being able to do the tongue, swallowing, washing your face, brushing your teeth, rowing matches, and unlocking, but the patient can spontaneously do these actions inadvertently. It is generally believed that the upper edge of the left side is a functional cortex representative area, from which the fibers emitted from the place to the ipsilateral center are forwarded, and then passed through the carcass to reach the right center. Therefore, the lesion on the left parietal lobe can cause bilateral apraxia, and the lesion from the left margin to the ipsilateral central anterior gyrus can cause the right limb dislocation, and the anterior or right subcortical white matter is damaged. When the left limb is lost.

(5) Changes in other mental and neurological activities

Patients often show abnormal speech, emotional changes, anxiety, depression, agitation, euphoria and other abnormal changes in neurological activity.

(6) Dementia

Dementia is the most serious manifestation of cognitive impairment and is an acquired and persistent mental disorder syndrome caused by chronic brain insufficiency. Intelligent impairments include varying degrees of memory, language, visual spatial dysfunction, personality abnormalities, and other cognitive (generalization, calculation, judgment, synthesis, and problem-solving) abilities, patients often accompanied by behavioral and emotional abnormalities, these dysfunctions Lead to a significant decline in the patient's daily life, social interaction and work ability.

Differential diagnosis

Often identified with schizophrenia.

Schizophrenia, a serious mental illness, is the most serious form of mental illness. The cause of the disease is unknown, the incidence of young and healthy, and the onset of illness, clinical manifestations of thinking, emotions, behavior and other obstacles and mental activities are not coordinated. The patient is generally conscious and the intelligence is basically normal.

Schizophrenia is a psychiatric disease that is a persistent, often chronic, major mental illness. The main influential mental function involves thinking and perception of the real world, and in turn affects behavior and emotion. Feeling allergic, feeling faint, internal sensation. Illusion, hallucination.

Perceive comprehensive obstacles, individual attributes of objective things, such as size, length, and distance.

The material in this site is intended to be of general informational use and is not intended to constitute medical advice, probable diagnosis, or recommended treatments.