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Hot and cold all over

Introduction
Cause
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Diagnosis

Introduction

Introduction Cold: Generally divided into the common cold and the popular cold, here we discuss the common cold. The common cold, the motherland medicine called "cold", is a common respiratory disease caused by a variety of viruses, of which 30% -50% are caused by a certain type of serotype of rhinovirus. Although the common cold occurs mostly in the early winter, it can occur in any season, such as spring and summer. The disease of the cold in different seasons is not exactly the same. Influenza: An acute respiratory infection caused by an influenza virus. The virus is present in the patient's respiratory tract and is transmitted to others by droplets when the patient coughs or sneezes. The flu is very contagious. Because the virus is easily mutated, even people who have had the flu will still become infected when they encounter the flu epidemic next time. Therefore, the flu is likely to cause an outbreak. Generally, there are many opportunities to be popular in winter and spring, and 20 to 40% of people may get the flu every time. Menopause is a transitional period in which women's ovarian function declines from a prosperous state to a complete disappearance, including periods of time before and after menopause and menopause. Chinese medicine called it "peri-menopausal syndrome." During menopause, women can experience a range of physical and psychological changes. Most women can smoothly pass the menopause, but a few women have been affected by a series of symptoms due to the physiological and psychological changes in menopause, which affect their physical and mental health. Therefore, every woman who has reached menopause should pay attention to strengthening self-care and ensuring a smooth transition through the transition period of life.

Cause

Cause

Cold: About 70%-80% of acute upper respiratory infections are caused by viruses. There are mainly influenza viruses (A, B, C), parainfluenza viruses, respiratory syncytial virus, adenovirus, rhinovirus, echovirus, coxsackie virus, measles virus, rubella virus. Bacterial infection can occur directly or after viral infection, with hemolytic streptococcus being more common, followed by Haemophilus influenzae, pneumococcus and staphylococcus. Occasionally Gram-negative bacilli. The main manifestations of infection are rhinitis, pharyngitis or tonsillitis. When there are induced factors such as cold, rain, excessive fatigue, etc., the systemic or respiratory local defense function is reduced, the virus or bacteria that have existed in the upper respiratory tract or invaded from the outside can rapidly multiply, causing the disease, especially the weak young and old. Or chronic respiratory diseases such as paranasal sinusitis, tonsillitis, more susceptible to rickets. Nasal and pharyngeal mucosa congestion, edema, destruction of epithelial cells, a small amount of mononuclear cells infiltration, serous and mucinous inflammatory exudation. After secondary bacterial infection, there is neutrophil infiltration, a large amount of purulent secretions.

Menopause: On the one hand, physiological changes have a decline in ovarian function, secretion of estrogen and ovulation gradually decreases and loses periodicity until cessation of ovulation; pituitary secretion of follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone too much. Structural and functional changes in the target organs of estrogen such as the vagina, uterus, breast, urethra, and the like. Therefore, there are a series of physiological phenomena such as irregular menstruation, hot flashes, sweating, palpitations, frequent urination, urinary incontinence, vaginal dryness, loss of libido, poor sleep, osteoporosis and body weight during perimenopause. With physical changes, women may also experience psychological discomfort such as emotional instability, memory loss, suspiciousness, anxiety and depression. Although menopause usually occurs naturally, it may be caused by an ovarian surgical resection (this is called a surgical menopause). Decreased ovarian function from cancer treatment can also cause menopause, such as chemotherapy or radiation therapy.

On the other hand, in terms of social relations, peri-menopausal women face social problems such as occupational difficulties, divorce, parental illness or death, and children growing up beside them, all of which bring mental stress to them. It interferes with the life, work and relationships of menopausal women. They often feel that they are getting older, do not like to participate in public activities, and tend to lose their temper to their families. These situations can easily lead to family conflicts and even endanger women's health if they are not understood by the society and their families.

Examine

an examination

Related inspection

Indirect immunofluorescence test

cold:

First, the common cold (common cold) commonly known as "cold", also known as acute rhinitis or upper respiratory catarrh, with nasopharyngeal catarrhal symptoms as the main performance. Adults are mostly caused by rhinoviruses, followed by parainfluenza viruses, respiratory syncytial virus, echovirus, and Coxsackie virus. The onset is more urgent. In the early stage, there is dry throat, itchy itch or burning sensation. At the same time or several hours after the onset, there may be sneezing, nasal congestion, and clear watery nose, which will thicken after 2-3 days. May be associated with sore throat, sometimes due to eustachian tube inflammation, hearing loss, tearing, slow taste, poor breathing, hoarseness, a small amount of cough. Generally no fever and systemic symptoms, or only low fever, discomfort, mild chills and headaches. Examination revealed nasal congestion, edema, secretions, and mild congestion of the pharynx. If there is no complication, it usually recovers after 5-7d.

Second, viral pharyngitis, laryngitis and bronchitis according to the inflammatory reaction caused by the virus on the upper and lower respiratory tract infections, clinical manifestations of pharyngitis, laryngitis and bronchitis. Acute viral pharyngitis is caused by rhinovirus, adenovirus, influenza virus, parainfluenza virus, enterovirus, respiratory syncytial virus and the like. The clinical features are itchy and burning sensation in the pharynx, and the pain is not persistent and does not stand out. When there is swallow pain, it is often suggested to have streptococcal infection. Cough is rare. Influenza and adenovirus infections can have fever and fatigue. Physical examination of the pharynx was marked by congestion and edema. The submandibular lymph nodes are swollen and tender. Adenovirus pharyngitis can be associated with ocular colitis.

Acute viral laryngitis is caused by rhinovirus, influenza A, parainfluenza and adenovirus. The clinical features are hoarseness, difficulty in speech, pain during coughing, often fever, pharyngitis or cough. Physical examination shows laryngeal edema, congestion, mild lymphadenopathy and tenderness of the local lymph nodes, and can be heard and wheezing. Acute viral bronchitis is caused by respiratory syncytial virus, influenza virus, coronavirus, parainfluenza virus, rhinovirus, adenovirus and the like. The clinical manifestations are cough, no sputum or sputum mucus, accompanied by fever and fatigue. Other symptoms often include hoarseness and non-pleural subpleural pain. It can be smelled dry or wet. X-ray films showed increased and increased vascular shadows, but no lung infiltration shadows. Influenza or coronavirus Acute bronchitis often occurs in acute attacks of chronic bronchitis.

Third, herpes angina. Often caused by coxsackievirus A, manifested as obvious sore throat, fever, and the course of disease is about one week. Examination showed visible pharyngeal congestion, soft palate, sag, pharyngeal and tonsil surface with grayish white herpes and superficial ulcers, surrounded by redness. More than in summer, more common children, occasionally in adults.

Fourth, pharyngeal conjunctival heat. Mainly caused by adenovirus, Coxsackie virus, etc. Clinical manifestations of fever, sore throat, photophobia, tearing, pharyngeal and combined membranes were significantly congested. The course of disease is 4-6 days, which often occurs in summer and spreads during swimming. More common in children.

5. Bacterial pharyngeal-toxotonitis. Mostly caused by hemolytic streptococcus, followed by Haemophilus influenzae, pneumococcus, staphylococcus and the like. Acute onset, obvious sore throat, chills, fever, body temperature can reach above 39 °C. Examination showed obvious hyperemia of the pharynx, enlargement of the tonsils, congestion, yellow spotted exudate on the surface, swelling of the lower lymph nodes, tenderness, and no abnormal signs in the lungs.

Menopause:

First, the symptoms associated with estrogen deficiency

(A) vasomotor syndrome: the incidence rate of 75 to 85% between 1 and 5 years after menopause. Vasomotor syndrome refers to a syndrome characterized by a lack of estrogen and autonomic dysfunction, which is characterized by paroxysmal flares, flushing, spontaneous sweating, and palpitations. The flushing begins in the face, neck, and front chest, and then in the lower abdomen, trunk, and extremities. The skin is dilated, the flaky redness and congestion, and the temperature rises, accompanied by headache, dizziness, palpitations, irritability, and dry mouth. In order to dissipate heat, patients often undress, arm, open windows, fan or go outdoors to drive heat. The flushing lasted for 3 to 4 minutes and then sweated, the blood vessels contracted, and the body temperature returned to normal and ended. The attack period was 54 ± 10 minutes. At night, many sudden awakenings from the dream, and have been sweating, wet clothes, accompanied by insomnia and anxiety. The next day, he was sorrowful, forgetful, with discomfort such as nausea, vomiting, and dizziness.

The mechanism of flushing:

1 GnRH neurons in the preoptic area of the hypothalamus have direct synaptic and neural connections with adjacent thermoregulatory neurons (Thermoregulatory neurons), so the functional changes of GnRH neurons will affect the latter;

2 Postmenopausal estrogen deficiency, feedback-induced increase in norepinephrine activity, thereby stimulating the release activity of GnRH via nerve junctions to cause the activity of the heateoss mechanism. The flushing episode is associated with fluctuations in GnRH and fluctuations in norepinephrine activity;

3 The activity of dopamine and -endorphin in the central nervous system and hypothalamus is reduced.

(2) aging diseases of various organ systems

1, sexual deterioration and genital atrophy: dry vulva, pubic hair loss, white lesions, genital itching, secondary infection, sexual dysfunction, bladder, rectal bulging, uterine prolapse. Some women have masculine symptoms such as hairy, seborrheic, and hemorrhoids.

2, breast atrophy, sagging, nipple areola hypopigmentation: breast stiffness is weakened, tissue collapse.

3, skin and mucous membranes: dry, wrinkled, hair loss, pigmentation and age spots, prone to skin diseases. Dry mouth, angina and hoarseness.

4, cardiovascular system: including hypertension, arteriosclerosis and coronary heart disease, the incidence of embolic disease increased with postmenopausal age. The incidence of coronary heart disease in women 55 years is 5-8 times lower than that of men of the same age.

Second, mental, nervous system menopausal women are prone to mental depression, forgetfulness, obsessive attitudes, paranoia, emotional inversion, emotional instability, persecution delusions, anxiety, suspicious, paresthesia, conscious incompetence and aversion. Part of the mania, confusion and schizophrenia.

Third, the tendency of tumors to develop is related to the decline of immune surveillance and aging. According to statistics, the incidence of gynecological tumors increases with age, such as 219.93 ~ 245.39 / 100,000 for 40 years old, 433.82 ~ 450.45 / 100,000 for 50 years old, 770.84 ~ 782.14 / 100,000 for 60 years old, 1120.71 for 70 years old ~1129.90/100,000, 80 years old, 1490.59~1657.08/100,000 (New York, 1960). The peak incidence of cervical cancer, uterine body cancer and ovarian cancer is 40 to 60 years old. Cervical invasive cancer is between 41.8 and 48.7 years old (Noda 1983). Urinary tumor sex ratio: 40 years old M: F = 1: 0.6 40 ~ 60 years old 1:1. Among them, renal cancer 2:1, urethral cancer 1:3 ~ 5, especially in women 50 years old.

Fourth, urinary urinary frequency, urgency, tension or acute urinary incontinence (urgemt incontineuce). Urethral mucosal prolapse, urethral meat sputum, renal ptosis, renal pelvis - ureteral hydrops and urinary retention and infection.

5. Skeletal Muscle System Bone joints (wrist, elbow, shoulder, hip and waist), ligaments, muscle atrophy, soreness, dysfunction, osteoporosis and prone to fracture. See the Osteoporosis Festival for details.

6. Endocrine and metabolic changes:

(1) Hyperlipidemia: manifested as increased cholesterol, LDL, TG, VLDL, and decreased HDL and HDL2, so it is easy to cause atherosclerosis and hypertension.

(2) Diabetes propensity: -cells are caused by decreased insulin secretion and enhanced insulin resistance in peripheral tissues.

(D) immune dysfunction: easy to concurrent infection and tumor.

Seven, 10 to 15 years after oophorectomy, the incidence of cardiovascular disease is significantly increased, such as 45 to 55 years old cardiovascular disease proportion, female: male = 4.29: 2.29; coronary heart disease 3.78: 2.73; cerebrovascular disease 3.89: 0.32. Women are significantly higher than men of the same age. The incidence of osteoporosis is 4 times that of men of the same age (Tadata Taro 1982). Natural menopause, there is no significant difference between the sexes from the age of 65. For menopausal people less than 40 years old, the incidence of coronary heart disease is advanced, and the incidence rate is 2.4 times higher than that of non-menopausal patients of the same age.

Eight, premenopausal ovariectomy and menopausal syndrome Pre-menopausal women remove the bilateral ovary earlier, the ovarian shedding symptoms appear early and frequent, and the symptoms are obvious. Retaining one side of the ovary secondary benign tumor rate was 13.7%, malignant tumor was 8.2%, and the average was seen in 5.8 years after surgery. Plasma T, A, and E were also reduced in postmenopausal women after ovariectomy, but the symptoms of hormone shedding were not obvious. Based on the above analysis, regardless of premenopausal or postmenopausal women, benign lesions should be taken with caution.

Diagnosis

Differential diagnosis

Soreness: Sub-health status is characterized by soreness, laziness, dizziness, and deep legs. It feels like I haven't done anything, but I feel so tired. And this fatigue is continuous and can't be alleviated for a long time.

The limbs are cold and hot, and red and white: common in reflex sympathetic dystrophy syndrome (RSDS) is a clinical syndrome characterized by severe pain in the distal extremities with autonomic dysfunction. Symptoms often appear within a few hours of injury, and can occur gradually over a few days or weeks after injury and last for weeks to years.

The pain has the following characteristics: burning pain, light touch or repeated slight stimulation can cause severe pain, the pain is not proportional to the severity of the injury, and the pain lasts longer than the expected recovery time. Affected limb pain is often accompanied by diffuse tenderness and swelling, and manifestations of autonomic dysfunction, such as cold and hot limbs, red, white, dry or sweaty. The lesion progressed slowly, and the atrophy and contracture of the skin and subcutaneous tissue occurred in the late stage.

Alternating cold and hot: can be seen in many common diseases, such as colds, malaria and so on. The alternating cold and hot caused by influenza is an acute respiratory infection caused by influenza virus. Early symptoms include dry itching or burning sensation in the throat, sneezing, stuffy nose, and salivation. Some patients may feel alternating hot and cold, taking cold sweat. Typical malaria is a periodic episode, manifested as an intermittent episode of cold.