HIV infection

Introduction In 1981, the human immunodeficiency virus was first discovered in the United States. It is a lentivirus that infects cells of the human immune system and is a type of retrovirus. There is no deadly infectious disease with effective therapy to date. The virus destroys the body's immune ability, causing the immune system to lose its resistance, which causes various diseases and cancers to survive in the human body, and finally develops, leading to AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). Nearly 12 million people have been killed worldwide, and more than 30 million people have been infected. It is integrated into the genome of the host cell after infection, and current antiviral treatment does not eradicate the virus. At the end of 2004, there were about 40 million people infected and living with the human immunodeficiency virus in the world. The most prevalent is still sub-Saharan Africa, followed by South Asia and Southeast Asia, but the fastest-rising region of the year is East Asia, Eastern Europe and Central Asia. On July 25, 1986, the World Health Organization (WHO) issued a communique, and the International Committee on Classification of Viruses decided to rename HIV as the Hmuan Immunodeficiency Virus. HIV infection refers to the infection of the virus.

Cause

Infected with HIV.

After a normal person is infected with HIV, he does not feel that he is sick at the beginning, and no antibodies can be detected in the serum. This period of time is called the window period, usually two weeks to three months, and then enters the asymptomatic period. From month to decade, antibodies against HIV have been detected in serum. The process of invading the human body from HIV, through the window period and asymptomatic period, to the stage before the onset of AIDS syndrome is called HIV infection (HIV infection), and the infected person is called HIV carrier (HIV carrier) or infected person.

In general, there is little chance of contracting AIDS in public places.

Because once HIV leaves the human body, its ability to survive becomes very weak and it will soon die. Ordinary disinfectants and hot water can eliminate it, so it is said that there is no HIV infection in public baths.

an examination

Related inspection

Human immunodeficiency virus antibody virus infection immunoassay tuberculosis gene detection (PCR)

The method for detecting viral antigens and antibodies in body fluids of HIV-infected persons is convenient to operate and easy to popularize, and antibody detection is particularly common. However, the determination of HIv P24 antigen and viral genes has become an increasingly important place in the detection and importance of HIV infection.

(A) antibody detection

There are mainly enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and immunofluorescence assay (IFA). ELISA uses a detergent to lyse HIV or infected cell fluid extract as an antigen, and IFA uses an infected cell smear as an antigen for antibody detection. If a positive specimen is found, it should be repeated once. To prevent false positives, Western blot (WB, Western blotting) can be further confirmed.

The WB method separates the HIV protein by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and then transferes different protein bands to the nitrocellulose membrane by transfer electrophoresis. After being incubated with the patient serum, it can be stained with anti-human protease. Antibodies against different structural proteins, such as anti-gp120, gp41, P24 antibodies, have higher specificity.

(two) antigen detection

The P24 antigen was detected by ELISA. When the antibody was not present in the early stage of HIV infection, the antigen was present in the blood. Since the amount of P24 is too small, the positive rate is usually low. The dissociation immune complex method or the concentration of the P24 antigen is currently used to increase sensitivity.

(three) nucleic acid detection

The detection of HIV gene by PCR has the advantages of rapid, high efficiency, sensitivity and specificity. At present, this method has been applied to the early diagnosis of HIV infection and AIDS research.

(4) Virus isolation

The commonly used method is the co-culture method, that is, the mononuclear cells are separated from the peripheral blood of normal people, stimulated with PHA and cultured, and then added to the patient's mononuclear cell diagnosis and AIDS research.

Differential diagnosis

Differential diagnosis of HIV infection:

First, the primary immunodeficiency disease.

Second, secondary immunodeficiency disease, corticosteroids, chemotherapy, radiotherapy or malignant tumors and other secondary immune diseases.

Third, idiopathic CD4+ T lymphopenia, similar to AIDS, but no HIV infection.

Fourth, autoimmune diseases: connective tissue disease, blood diseases, etc., AIDS has fever, weight loss needs to be identified with the above diseases.

Five, lymphadenopathy: such as KS, He Jiejin disease, lymphoma, blood disease.

Sixth, pseudo-AIDS syndrome: AIDS phobia, British homosexuals saw some neurological symptoms similar to the early symptoms of AIDS.

Seven, central nervous system diseases: brain damage can be caused by AIDS or other causes, need to be identified.

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