Calcification

Introduction Pathologically refers to the deposition of calcium salts in local tissues, which is common in the early stages of bone growth, and is also seen in certain pathological conditions (such as calcification in tuberculous necrotic lesions of tuberculosis). The tissue of the organism is calmed and hardened by calcium. For example, the bones of children become calcified into adult bones, and the lesions of tuberculosis are cured by calcification.

Cause

Cause

Calcification of pulmonary tuberculosis: normal lung tissue is composed of alveolar, lymphatic microvessels, bronchioles, etc., and is pink. If a considerable amount and virulence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis invade the lung tissue and grow and multiply therein, metabolites are produced, the lung tissue is destroyed, and a cheese-like substance appears to be deteriorated, so that normal structural and physiological functions disappear. Medically known as caseous necrosis. Necrotic substances are acidic, not easy to liquefy and absorb, and can exist for a long time. After the body's resistance is strong, or after chemotherapy, the tubercle bacilli in the cheese-like lesions are low in metabolism, the reproductive ability is weakened, the lesions are dehydrated and dry, and calcium carbonate and calcium phosphate do not form calcification. It is generally more than 1-3 years to see the calcification of the lesion on the chest X-ray.

The calcification of lung structure lesions has a great relationship with age. Children and adolescents have a strong calcium and phosphorus metabolism in the long body and long bones. The calcification of tuberculosis is faster, more thorough, usually one to one and a half years. The calcification process of adult tuberculosis is slow, often for several years, and calcification is often inadequate. Calcification of the lesion is one of the forms of tuberculosis healing. The lesion is mild, found earlier, and treated in time to be completely absorbed, leaving no trace on the X-ray film. Or only a small scar lesion remains. Most adults with tuberculosis are replaced by fibrous tissue hyperplasia. X-rays appear as high-density nodules and cord-like images, so lesion calcification is not the only form of tuberculosis healing.

an examination

Related inspection

Ordinary fluoroscopy (perspective) bones and joints of the limbs, flat piece, chest, perspective, chest, plain piece, abdominal perspective

Laboratory inspection:

1. Tuberculin test.

2, serum calcium and so on.

Film degree exam:

Shooting, X-ray inspection.

Differential diagnosis

The symptoms of calcification occurring in different parts of the body should be identified:

Calcification of the epidermis: Elastic pseudo-xanthoma The clinical manifestation of skin lesions is calcification of the epidermis. Pseudoxanthoma elasticum was once called diffuse xanthelasma in the early stage, and later has atypical yellow tumor, which is called dystrophic elastic fiber disease. Due to different genetic methods, it can be divided into autosomal dominant and autosomal recessive, each type is divided into two groups, clinically more common in chromosomes I, II and autosomal recessive I, and often The chromosomal recessive group II is relatively rare, and usually the dominant hereditary symptoms are more serious than recessive.

Intrapannal calcification: Pancreatic calcification refers to a somewhat dense, high-density tissue in the pancreas. Chronic pancreatitis refers to the pathological process of atrophy of pancreatic islets and islet tissue and extensive fibrosis of the pancreas. Often accompanied by calcification and pseudocyst formation. Clinically, it is mainly characterized by abdominal pain, diarrhea or steatorrhea, weight loss and malnutrition such as pancreatic insufficiency. CT intracranial calcification confirmed the presence of pancreatic stones.

Skin calcification: Calcinosis cutis is a disease caused by the deposition of insoluble calcium salts (mainly undetermined calcium phosphate or small amounts of calcium carbonate) in the skin or under the skin. It can be divided into three types: metastatic skin calcification, malnutrition calcification and idiopathic calcification.

Thickening or calcification at the point of sputum or sputum: The rickets were first proposed by German scholars in the 1940s. In 1986, Perugia pointed out in his book: "The use of itis as a suffix to describe the degenerative changes in sputum tissue is highly contradictory." Therefore, when doctors use treatment, the main goal should be to block collagen decomposition, not anti-inflammatory. This requires a considerable period of rest and treatment to block the cycle of rickets, promote collagen production and maturation, and restore tension and functional strength of the tendon.

Prostate calcification: Prostatic calcification, fibrosis, is a scar left after inflammation of the prostate, and is a precursor to prostate stones. Prostatic calculi are often accompanied by chronic prostatitis, which is usually seen by B-ultrasound. Due to the specific structure of the prostate, there is generally no good treatment for calcification and stones. Prostate calcification (fibrosis), stones will breed bacteria, so it is a cause of recurrent prostatitis, can not be ignored.

Intrahepatic calcification: intrahepatic calcification refers to a strong echo or high-density image resembling a stone in the liver on a B-ultrasound or CT image. It is more common in people aged 20-50 years, and the rate of occurrence of men and women is equal, generally a single calcification. The right liver is more than the left liver, and there are few left and right liver calcifications.

Central calcification: central chondrosarcoma can be characterized by blurred border osteolysis, with or without cortical bone disruption. Because cartilage tends to be calcified and ossified, X-ray areas can appear in the tumor, and calcification often occurs in cartilage lobule There is no structure around. It is characterized by irregular hazy particles, nodules or X-ray opaque rings.

Renal calcification: Renal calcification refers to the deposition of calcium salts in the renal parenchyma due to elevated blood calcium, causing renal dysfunction.

Ectopic calcification: a pathological term. Also known as heterotopic ossification. In addition to normal physiological calcification, calcium deposits occur outside of bone tissue. This change usually occurs at the tendon attachment of the bone, ligaments, blood vessel walls, bone fascia, and the like. Calcium ions are precipitated from the skeletal system and often lead to osteoporosis. Therefore, some scholars advocate ectopic calcification as an indirect sign of osteoporosis.

Fibrous calcified nodules: Symptoms of calcification of the body's fibrotic nodules occur mostly in the lungs.

Intracranial calcification: Calcification is one of the most common signs in the brain, and calcification is a common sign of CT and MRI in the brain.

Pleural calcification: Calcium salts can form in the presence of organic blood clots or necrotic material in the pleural cavity, forming pleural calcification. Pleural calcification is more common in tuberculous pleurisy, suppurative pleurisy and injurious hemothorax. Some pneumoconiosis, such as talc lung and asbestosis, may also have pleural calcification and are often bilateral. Pleural calcification often coincides with pleural thickening and adhesion.

Calcification of the breast: At present, mammography is still one of the important means for early detection and early diagnosis of breast cancer. The high rate of calcification in the mammary gland is a major advantage of mammography, especially digital molybdenum target photography. Different types of calcification are of great significance in the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of breast diseases. Careful analysis of the manifestations of calcification is of great value in determining the nature of the lesion. The benign calcified particles are coarse, the number is small, the density is high, and the distribution is limited. Malignant calcification particles are fine, numerous, and low in density, and sometimes calcification can be the only manifestation of breast cancer.

Long bone epiphyseal calcification: cartilage ectodermal dysplasia syndrome, also known as Ellis-van Creveld congenital malformation syndrome, congenital cartilage calcification disorder heart disease syndrome, cartilage ectodermal dysplasia syndrome and other health searches, is autosomal recessive Hereditary disease. It is characterized by short-legged dwarfs, often with congenital heart disease and mental retardation. The newborn baby is in a dwarf state. For example, the long bones of the limbs are short and thick, the distal fingers (toes) are particularly small, and multiple fingers (toes) can appear, hair and teeth develop poorly, and the long bones of the whole body are incompletely calcified.

The calcification is caused by calcium deposition, which does not require pathological sectioning, and the pathological section is mainly for the mass.

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