Spirochete

Introduction to spirulina Spirulina is also known as chicken spirochetes, and small spirulina bites heat. Rat-bitfever is a rodent infection that is an acute infectious disease caused by bites in rodents or other rodents. The pathogens are two species, Spirulina and Candida. Respiratory hyperthermia, localized indus ulcers, lymphadenitis and rash are caused by small snails. basic knowledge The proportion of illness: 0.002% Susceptible people: no special people Mode of infection: contact spread Complications: endocarditis meningitis myocarditis hepatitis glomerulonephritis anemia epididymitis

Cause of spirulina

(1) Causes of the disease

Spirulina spirulina spirulina (Spirulina) is caused by infection with Helicobacter pylori. Modern medical knowledge of the disease began in 1831. In 1839, Ellis reported 31 cases. In 1887, Carter first appeared in the blood of Indian rats. The Helicobacter pylori pathogen was found. In 1925, Japans Ermu et al. also found this bacterium from the locally swollen lymph nodes of the patient. The secretion was injected into rats and caused the disease. It was named as Leptospiral morsus. -muris).

The bacterium is a rod-shaped and stiff spiral microorganism, which has no capsules and spores, and is negative for Gram stain. The cells are about 3 to 6 m long and 0.2 to 0.6 m wide. Most of them have two or three thick and regular rounds. Up to 4 to 5 rounds, with flagella at one or both ends, seeing movement in a dark field, rotating along its long axis, or passing through the flagella before and after, the small snail is aerobic, and the artificial culture has not been successful yet. The laboratory often uses the rat peritoneal inoculation method to isolate the bacteria. The external resistance of the small snail is weak, sensitive to acid, and killed at 55 ° C for 30 min.

(two) pathogenesis

The exact pathogenesis of rat bite heat has not been fully understood so far. It is generally believed that the small spirochete invades the human body from the bite site, enters the nearby lymph nodes along the injured lymphatic vessels, and grows and breeds there, causing lymphangitis and lymphadenitis. Repeated intrusion into the blood to form bacteremia, causing clinical acute attacks, due to the periodic entry of bacteria into the blood, often produce periodic fever, leading to intermittent clinical recurrent attacks.

The disease is characterized by systemic and local lesions. The basic pathological changes are toxic, hemorrhagic and necrotic changes. Systemic pathological changes are mainly hepatic lobule, tubular hemorrhagic necrosis and mononuclear infiltration, and meningeal congestion. , edema and neuronal degeneration, gastrointestinal catarrhal inflammatory changes, local edema often occur in the bitten part, mononuclear cell infiltration and necrosis, local lymph node hyperplasia.

Spirulina prevention

Rodent control is the most important measure to prevent bites from being bitten by rats or other animals. Laboratory workers who are in contact with rats should pay attention to protection and wear gloves. In case of bite, except for local treatment, penicillin should be injected immediately.

Spirulina complications Complications Endocarditis Meningitis Myocarditis Hepatitis Glomerulonephritis Anemia Epididymitis

Endocarditis, meningitis, myocarditis, hepatitis and glomerulonephritis, anemia, epididymitis, pleural effusion and splenomegaly.

Symptomosis Symptoms Common symptoms High fever diarrhea fatigue nausea and vomiting joint pain coma hair chills bloody blood in the stool

The incubation period is 1 to 30 days, with an average of 14 to 18 days.

Onset often occurs in the original bite of the pain, swelling, cyanosis and even necrosis, can form blisters, which are covered with black sputum, under the formation of indurated sputum-like ulcers, local lymph nodes, tenderness, often accompanied by Lymphangiitis, with chills and high fever, body temperature can rise rapidly to more than 40 ° C, with headache, body weakness, muscle pain, joint pain, although joint pain, but no joint cavity exudate, severe cases may have Vomiting, diarrhea, blood in the stool and central nervous system symptoms, such as convulsions, coma, neck stiffness and other symptoms of systemic poisoning, about 50% of patients have rashes, typical rashes start from the bite, and then spread to the limbs and trunk, face and palm Less, the rash is different in shape, mostly dark red or purple maculopapular rash, oval, clear border, hard base, no pain, no itching, can be fused to a few centimeters, occasionally rose rash or urticaria, After 3 to 5 days, as the body temperature drops, the symptoms disappear, and the rash retreats. After 3 to 7 days, the body temperature rises again. The above symptoms and rash reappear. If left untreated, it can last for 3 to 8 weeks. Very few patients can be recurrent for more than one year, after most of the episodes repeated many times, the symptoms gradually becomes lighter, hot type is irregular, and even difficult to diagnose.

Untreated, the mortality rate is about 6%, due to long-term attacks, often combined with other complications, such as endocarditis, meningitis, myocarditis, hepatitis and glomerulonephritis, anemia, epididymitis, pleural effusion and spleen Swelling, since the application of antibiotics, the prolonged unhealed has been rare, the mortality rate has decreased, and complications have also decreased.

Spirulina examination

1. General laboratory examination: white blood cell count (10 ~ 20) × 109 / L, neutrophils left shift, occasionally eosinophils increased, may have moderate to severe anemia, ESR increased, urine may appear Protein, red blood cells and/or white blood cells, of which about 50% of patients have a positive serotonin response.

2. Pathogen examination: Animals are inoculated with pathogens, and the blood of the patients with obvious symptoms, wound exudate or lymph node puncture solution 0.25ml is inoculated into the abdominal cavity of the guinea pig. The blood or peritoneal fluid of the vaccinated animal is taken within 7 to 15 days. Use dark-field methods or smear staining to find small snails. It is worth noting that the vaccinated animals should be carefully screened to exclude the infection of the small spirochetes themselves.

The joint exudate is inoculated in a special medium to obtain a positive result.

Diagnosis and diagnosis of spirulina

diagnosis

The clinical diagnosis is mainly based on the history of rat bite and its unique clinical symptoms, such as regression heat type hyperthermia, local hard knot ulcer, lymphadenitis, lymphangitis and rash. It is confirmed that the animal is inoculated to find the pathogen.

Differential diagnosis

Consideration should be given to the identification of biting fever, malaria, relapsing fever, typhus, and leptospirosis.

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