Allergic rhinitis

Introduction to allergic rhinitis Allergic rhinitis (allergicrhinitis, AR) refers to the release of IgE-mediated mediators (mainly histamine) by atopic individuals after exposure to allergens, and a variety of immunocompetent cells and cytokines. Participate in non-infectious inflammatory diseases of the nasal mucosa. There are three necessary conditions for its occurrence: 1 specific antigen, that is, a substance that causes the body's immune response. 2 Atopic individuals are so-called individual differences, allergies. 3 specific antigens meet with both atopic individuals. basic knowledge Sickness ratio: 0.001%-0.005% Susceptible people: people with allergic physique Mode of infection: non-infectious Complications: sinusitis headache bronchial asthma nasal polyps otitis media

Causes of allergic rhinitis

(30%):

The most important mites in subtropical and tropical regions are house dust mites and dust mites. House dust mites feed on human dander and live mainly in mattresses, bed bottoms, pillows, carpets, furniture and down toys. Breeding fastest in hot (above 20 degrees Celsius) and moist (relative humidity greater than 80%). House dust mite allergens are contained in their excrement particles. When the contaminated fabric is touched, the particles are exposed to the air and can be deposited again quickly. The concentration of mite allergen in the air is related to the pathogenesis of allergic rhinitis.

Pollen (25%):

Wind-borne pollen can affect people who are hundreds of kilometers away from pollen sources because of the large amount of floating and long-distance transmission. Insect pollen is sensitized only by direct contact, such as agronomists and florist clerk. The sensitization ability of pollen varies with season, geographical location, temperature and plant type. Most pollen allergens suffer from conjunctivitis.

Food allergen (20%):

Food allergies are rare when allergic rhinitis is not accompanied by other systemic symptoms. On the other hand, food allergies are common in cases where multiple organs of the patient are involved. For babies, most are caused by milk and soy; common adult allergens for adults include: peanuts, nuts, fish, eggs, milk soy, apples, pears, etc.

Animal dander (5%):

Animal dander and secretions carry allergens. Cats and dog allergens are widely found in indoor dust and furniture decoration.

Fungal allergen (5%):

The mold releases allergenic spores into the indoor and outdoor environment, and the hot and humid environment grows rapidly.

allergens (5%):

Allergens are found in their feces and carapace, and the particles are large and do not spread in the air.

Allergic rhinitis prevention

The most fundamental health measure for allergic rhinitis is to understand the substance that causes your allergies, ie allergens, and try to avoid it.

When symptoms occur mainly outdoors: outdoor activities should be restricted as much as possible, especially in contact with flowers or decaying leaves, as well as catkins and paulownia hairs, and masks can be worn when going out.

Pay attention to the details of life and reduce the details of allergic reactions:

1. In the season of pollen or dust, close the window of the car or room;

2. Remove allergens, including pets, smoke, and even suspicious flowers or furniture;

3. Use an air conditioner with air cleaning filter to remove pollen (but may not filter dust);

4. A temperature regulator can be used to reduce the humidity in the room. It is best to reduce the air humidity to below 50%.

5. Repair the wet basement, vents and bathrooms, and remove the flowers from the interior or balcony;

6. Keep indoors clean and dust-free to reduce allergens, which can be cleaned frequently with a vacuum cleaner);

7. Use non-sensitized sheets and bedding in the bedroom, such as well-sealed mattresses and pillows, and flexible sheets and pillows, and wash the sheets with hot water every week; and be careful not to be outdoors Sunburn and sheets, because mold and pollen can stick to the quilt;

8. Replace the carpet with wood, floor tiles, etc., especially the carpet fixed on the floor should be removed. Do not plant flowers that need constant watering, because moist soil is good for mold growth.

9. Pack your small items, such as books, recording boxes, CDs, CDs, and long-haired animal toys. These items are extremely dusty and cause allergies.

10. Do not take excessive amounts of drugs to alleviate symptoms; if you have acid reflux, you should pay attention to avoid eating and pillows before going to bed, and take antacids under the guidance of a doctor.

11. Note that the nasal cavity is clean and the nasal cavity is often cleaned.

12. Strengthen outdoor physical exercise and enhance physical fitness.

13. Keep the room clean and dust-free to reduce allergens. Use a vacuum cleaner or a wet rag to clean the room frequently.

Allergic rhinitis complications Complications, sinusitis, headache, bronchial asthma, nasal polyps, otitis media

Common complications are as follows:

1. Most of the snot is bloody or a small amount of blood in the sputum. It is more common in children. It was thought to be caused by severe sneezing. It is speculated that the arachidonic acid metabolism disorder of mast cell membrane is related to the reduction of thrombus formation.

2. Allergic sinusitis is connected to the nasal mucosa by the sinus mucosa. Therefore, allergic inflammation of the nasal mucosa and the sinus mucosa produce allergic sinusitis, mainly manifested as headache, dizziness, such as secondary infection, purulent sputum may occur. But the symptoms are aggravated.

3. Throatitis Due to repeated recurrent nasal congestion, patients often breathe and can develop chronic pharyngitis.

4. Bronchial asthma can coexist with degenerative rhinitis, and some patients with asthma often develop symptoms after sneezing.

5. Exudative otitis media nasal allergic reaction can be caused by eustachian tube and middle ear, nasopharynx eustachian tube pharyngeal mucosal edema or allergens through the tube into the middle ear, can lead to exudative otitis media.

Allergic rhinitis symptoms Common symptoms Nasal nasal mucosa pale edema nasal vestibular itching nasal discharge nasal itching nose and throat burning sensation asthmatic side lying on the underside ... nasal end fire pimples

Typical symptoms of allergic rhinitis are paroxysmal sneezing, clear watery nose, nasal congestion and nasal itching. Part is accompanied by a loss of sense of smell.

1, sneezing: several times a day of paroxysmal attacks, more than 3 each time, more in the morning or night or contact with allergens immediately after the attack.

2, clear: a lot of watery nose, sometimes can not consciously drip from the nostrils.

3, nasal congestion: intermittent or continuous, unilateral or bilateral, varying degrees of severity.

4, nasal itching: most patients with itchy nose, patients with hay fever can be associated with itchy eyes, itchy eyes and itchy throat.

Examination of allergic rhinitis

1. Skin prick test (SPT) Using standardized allergen reagent, the skin of the forearm palm was punctured, and the result was observed after 20 minutes. Positive and negative controls should be performed for each test, histamine for the positive control and allergen vehicle for the negative control. The results were determined according to the corresponding standardized allergen reagent instructions. The skin prick test should be performed at least 7 days after discontinuation of the antihistamine.

2. Serum-specific IgE detection: venous blood is taken from patients and immunologically tested, independent of drug and skin condition. Allergens for the diagnosis of allergic rhinitis require clinical manifestation, skin prick test, and serum-specific IgE test results.

3. The nasal challenge test is the gold standard for the diagnosis of allergic rhinitis, but it is risky and clinically not used as a routine method.

Diagnosis and diagnosis of allergic rhinitis

diagnosis

Clinical symptoms such as sneezing, clear watery sputum, nasal congestion, nasal itching and other symptoms appear more than 2 (including 2), the symptoms persist or accumulate more than 1 hour per day. May be accompanied by eye itching, conjunctival congestion and other eye symptoms. Signs common nasal mucosa pale, edema, nasal watery secretions. The allergen skin prick test is positive, and/or serum-specific IgE is positive, and a nasal challenge test is feasible if necessary.

Differential diagnosis

Allergic rhinitis needs to be differentiated from acute rhinitis, cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea and vasomotor rhinitis.

The material in this site is intended to be of general informational use and is not intended to constitute medical advice, probable diagnosis, or recommended treatments.