Mitral annular calcification

Introduction to mitral annulus calcification Mitralannulus calcification (MAC) is a chronic fibrotic, non-inflammatory, degenerative disease of the mitral fibrous support structure. It is more common in women and elderly patients over 70 years of age, often leading to a variety of heart disease changes. Such as mitral stenosis, mitral regurgitation, infective endocarditis, atrial fibrillation, atrioventricular block, etc., is a more common echocardiographic signs. basic knowledge The proportion of illness: 0.002% Susceptible people: more common in women Mode of infection: non-infectious Complications: massive hemoptysis, heart failure, acute pulmonary edema

Mitral annulus calcification

Cause:

The etiology of this disease is still unclear. It is more common in patients with atherosclerosis, most commonly in the ventricular surface of the posterior lobe. The incidence rate in the elderly population in Europe and the United States is about 0.5-10.0%. There is no specific data in the country. The popularity of echocardiography has been found.

Mitral annulus calcification prevention

The preventive measures of this disease are similar to mitral stenosis: mainly life guidance, prevention and treatment of rheumatic activity treatment complications, including subacute bacterial endocarditis, atrial arrhythmia, atrial fibrillation, hemoptysis, pulmonary edema, heart Treatment of aging, embolism, and pulmonary infection.

1, the treatment of rheumatic fever and rheumatism activities see the treatment of rheumatic fever in the previous section.

2, prevention of upper respiratory tract infections especially in winter and spring, once found on the induction of active treatment, the amount of activity does not appear palpitation, shortness of breath is appropriate.

3. Infective endocarditis prevention and treatment.

Mitral annulus calcification complications Complications hemoptysis heart failure acute pulmonary edema

Usually the following complications may occur after stenosis caused by mitral calcification:

1, large hemoptysis: due to high pulmonary circulation, the endobronchial vein dilatation is easy to rupture causing massive hemoptysis.

2, heart failure: more signs of right heart failure, and finally combined with left ventricular dysfunction.

3, acute pulmonary edema: more common in patients with early mitral stenosis, also known as acute left atrial failure, is due to mitral stenosis, once the diastolic filling period is shortened, resulting in increased trans-valve pressure can induce pulmonary edema.

4, atrial fibrillation: due to increased left and right atrial pressure or because the atrial wall is directly affected by rheumatoid lesions.

5, arterial embolism: the results of atrial fibrillation, mostly lead to cerebral embolism, followed by coronary embolism and other internal organs embolism or limb embolism.

6, infective endocarditis: is a common complication, due to stenosis caused by blood turbulence, bacterial adhesion to the results of valve reproduction.

7, left recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis: rare, for the huge left atrium oppression of the nerve.

Mitral valve calcification symptoms Common symptoms Systolic murmur Heart tremor conduction block Bradycardia First heart sound hyperthyroidism

The clinical manifestations of this disease are determined by the degree of calcification of the valve. Mild patients have no clinical manifestations: severe lesions are thickened and fixed, can not become smaller with ventricular contraction, and mitral valve activity is limited, which can cause mitral regurgitation Flow or stenosis, systolic murmur can be heard to the bottom of the heart in the apical region and the lower left sternal border. This disease often has sinus node and conduction system degeneration, and sinus bradycardia, atrioventricular conduction Block, slow ventricular rate of atrial fibrillation, etc., a small number of patients due to the formation of embolus in the annulus of the valve ring, embolism in different parts, the more common is the brain and retinal artery embolization.

Examination of mitral annulus calcification

The disease mainly relies on X-ray and echocardiography for diagnosis:

1, X-ray chest radiograph can be found in the mitral annulus calcification.

2, two-dimensional echocardiography can be seen in front of the atrioventricular junction there is a strong echo group.

Other methods of examination include coronary angiography, which also contributes to the diagnosis of this disease.

Diagnosis and diagnosis of mitral annular calcification

Differential diagnosis

1. Functional stenosis of the mitral valve.

2. Pulmonary hypertension.

3. The thick left ventricle makes the heart chamber smaller.

4, active rheumatic mitral valvitis.

5, hyperthyroidism.

6, Lutembacher syndrome.

7, constrictive pericarditis in the atrioventricular sulcus.

8, left atrial myxoma.

9. Left atrial spherical thrombosis.

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