surgical examination

Surgical examination is a general examination of general conditions (height, weight, body mass index, nutritional status), thyroid, superficial lymph nodes, breast, spine, joints of the extremities, genitourinary tract, anal examination and others. Systematic surgical examination can early detect some diseases such as bone hyperplasia, prostatic hyperplasia, breast hyperplasia and adenoma; and some common malignant tumors can also be found through surgical examinations, such as breast cancer and rectal cancer. Basic Information Specialist Category: Inspection Category: Other Inspections Applicable gender: whether men and women apply fasting: not fasting Tips: Be careful not to ingest too much food, so as not to affect the results. Normal value 1. Thyroid examination normal people's thyroid appearance is not prominent. 2. Lymph node examination Normal human lymph nodes are not swollen, painless, local skin without redness, scars and ulcers or fistulas. 3. Breast examination The breast contour is symmetrical. The nipples on both sides are at the same level, without invagination, bulging, overflow or erosion, and the skin is not ruptured, pigmented or orange-like. Palpation without a lump. 4. Spinal examination The four physiological curvatures of the normal spine may be slightly convex forward; the lumbar segment is clearly lordotic; the thoracic segment is slightly convex, and the atlantoaxial vertebra has a large kyphosis. When standing upright, the normal spine has no side bends. Normally, the neck section can flex forward and extend 45 degrees, and the left and right sides bend 45 and rotate 60. The lumbar segment can be flexed 45 under the condition of the buttocks, 35 is extended, 30 is left and right, and 45 is rotated. No tenderness and suffocation. 5. Limb joint examination of limbs without edema, no varicose veins, no pigmentation or ulceration. 6. genitourinary examination of the penis and testicles without deformity, no foreskin is too long, phimosis, external urethral opening without redness, secretions, inflammation, ulcers, scars or new organisms, no ventral lymphadenopathy, sputum and varicocele, Hydrocele, epididymis nodules, scrotal eczema, femoral hernia, etc. 7. Anal examination without anal atresia, stenosis, trauma, infection, anal fissure, anal fistula, rectal prolapse and hemorrhoids. No prostate hyperplasia. Clinical significance Abnormal result 1. Thyroid examination of thyroid enlargement, symmetry, hardness, surface condition (smooth or no nodular sensation), tenderness and tremor may indicate some series of diseases such as thyroid. The degree of swelling can be judged according to the following criteria I degree thyroid can be reached, within 3cm in diameter. When the second degree thyroid is swallowed, it can be found by visual inspection and palpation, and the diameter is 3-5cm. The third degree thyroid can also be found without swallowing, with a diameter of 5-7 cm. The IV degree thyroid enlargement is very obvious, and the neck appearance has changed, with a diameter of 7-9 cm. V-degree thyroid enlargement is very obvious, the diameter is more than 9cm, and more often with nodules. 2. Lymph node examination for lymph nodes with enlarged, swollen parts, size, number, hardness, pain, mobility, presence or absence of adhesion, local skin with redness, scars and ulcers or fistulas can assist the nasopharynx Diagnosis of thyroid, esophagus, and lung cancer. Lymphoma may first be diagnosed in the lymph nodes outside the neck or under the arm or in the groin. Lymph nodes in the neck or under the armpits or groin may be lymphomas. Lymph node enlargement around the clavicle may also be a metastasis of the stomach, intestine, and lung. 3. The mammary gland examines the four upper quadrants of the upper, lower, inferior, and medial (including the axillary extension of the breast) with or without a lump or nodule, as well as the location, number, size, texture, boundary, tenderness of the mass, Mobility, with or without fluctuations or sacs and the relationship between the mass and the skin. Check the nipple and areola, and gently press the finger around the areola, with or without the nature of the discharge (blood, yellow or bloody liquid or pus) to assist in the diagnosis of breast cancer or inflammation. 4. Spinal examination of the curvature of the spine of the spine appears kyphosis, lordosis, and scoliosis. When observing and inspecting, the neck section can be bent forward and stretched 45, left and right side bend 45, and rotated 60. The lumbar segment can be flexed 45 under the condition of the buttocks fixed, 35 is extended, and the left and right sides are bent 30, and rotated 45. Sniper check the site for pain. Spinal tenderness and sputum pain may be vertebral lesions, such as disc herniation, or bone hyperplasia. 5. The joints should be fully exposed when examining the joints of the extremities. Check the joints of the extremities and various parts and whether there are any abnormalities or shape changes, with or without redness, swelling, heat, pain, nodules, etc. Mainly observe posture, gait and physical activity, determine whether there is dysfunction and edema, with or without varicose veins, with or without pigmentation or ulceration can also aid diagnosis. 6. When examining urogenital examination, attention should be paid to the size and shape of the penis and testicles, whether there are deformities, excessive foreskin, phimosis, narrow urethral opening, redness, secretion, inflammation, ulcers, scars or new organisms. No ventral lymphadenopathy, sputum and varicocele, hydrocele, epididymis nodules, scrotal eczema, femoral hernia or sexually transmitted diseases. There is varicose veins in the scrotum, which is varicocele. 7. Anal examination, to observe whether there is anal atresia, stenosis, trauma, infection, anal fissure, anal fistula, rectal prolapse and hemorrhoids. Check the anus, rectal wall with or without lumps, fluctuations, rectal stenosis, chronic anal fistula, perianal abscess or ischial rectal abscess. Check the size, shape, texture, tenderness, smoothness of the prostate and the ability to touch the seminal vesicle. Determine prostate hyperplasia. The degree of prostate enlargement is judged by the standard The degree I hyperplasia of the prostate is 1.5 to 2 times larger than normal, the middle groove becomes shallow, and the height of the rectum is 1-2 cm. The second-degree hyperplasia gland is moderately increased, which is 2-3 times larger than normal. The central sulcus disappears or slightly protrudes, and the rectum height is 2-3 cm. The grade III hyperplasia gland enlarges severely, and the height of the rectum protrudes more than 3 cm. The central groove is prominent, and the finger cannot touch the upper edge during the examination. 8. Other abnormal signs such as skin lesions (rashes, inflammation, subcutaneous nodules, lipomas, ulcers, or scars that affect the function of the area) are used to aid diagnosis. The people who need to be examined are mainly used in the thyroid gland, lymph nodes, breast, spine, joints of the extremities, anus, rectum and skin, and the elderly, middle-aged and elderly people who have not undergone surgical examination for a long time. Precautions Inappropriate crowd: pregnant women, newborns. Contraindications before the test: Be careful not to ingest too much food, so as not to affect the test results. Requirements for examination: Because the anus can cause discomfort, the patient should actively cooperate with the doctor. Inspection process The examiner performs examinations such as thyroid, lymph nodes, breast, spine, joints of the extremities, genitourinary organs, anus, etc. for examination, palpation, and the like. Not suitable for the crowd Inappropriate crowd: pregnant women, newborns. Adverse reactions and risks Generally no adverse reactions.

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